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Artabotrys odoratissimus Bark Extract Restores Ethanol Induced Redox Imbalance and Toxicity in Hepatocytes and In Vivo Model. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:3366-3383. [PMID: 36585550 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-induced oxidative stress is a key player in the development of liver diseases, and herbal alternatives are important means of ameliorating the hepatotoxic effects. The study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective potentiality of Artabotrys odoratissimus, an important medicinal shrub from the family Annonaceae. The phenolic compounds from bark ethanol extract (BEE) were detected using RP-HPLC. The in vitro hepatoprotective activity against ethanol-induced damage was studied in HepG2 cells with cell viability assays, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, double staining assay and western blotting. The in vivo mice model was used to evaluate the alcohol-induced stress with liver function enzymes, lipid profile and histopathology. All the thirteen phenolic compounds detected with HPLC were docked onto protein targets such as aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NO). The RP-HPLC detected the presence of various phenolics including rutin, chlorogenic acid and catechin, amongst others. Co-administration of BEE with ethanol alleviated cell death, ROS and MMP in HepG2 cells compared to the negative control. The extract also modulated the MAP kinase/caspase-3 pathway, thereby showing protective effects in HepG2 cells. Also, pre-treatment for 14 days with the extract in the mice model before a single toxic dose (5 g/kg body weight) reduced the liver injury by bringing the levels of liver function enzymes, lipid profile and bilirubin to near normal. In silico analysis revealed that rutin showed the best binding affinity with all the target proteins in the study. These results provide evidence that BEE possesses significant hepatoprotective effects against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in hepatic cells and in vivo models, which is further validated with in silico analysis.
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Lou XY, Boada R, Simonelli L, Valiente M. Enhanced arsenite removal by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in-situ synthesized on a commercial cube-shape sponge: adsorption-oxidation mechanism. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 614:460-467. [PMID: 35108637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The easy aggregation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) greatly reduces their adsorption performance for removing arsenic (As) from polluted water. We propose to exploit the porosity and good diffusion properties of a cube-shaped cellulose sponge for loading SPION to reduce the aggregation and to develop a composite adsorbent in the cm-scale that could be used for industrial applications. EXPERIMENTS SPION were in-situ synthesized by co-precipitation using a commercial cube-shaped sponge (MetalZorb®) as support. The morphology, iron-oxide phase, adsorption performance and thermodynamic parameters of the composite adsorbent were determined to better understand the adsorption process. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to investigate the chemical state of the adsorbed As(III). FINDINGS The adsorption of the supported SPION outperforms the unsupported SPION (ca. 14 times higher adsorption capacity). The modelling of the adsorption isotherms and the kinetic curves indicated that chemisorption is controlling the adsorption process. The thermodynamic analysis shows that the adsorption retains the spontaneous and endothermic character of the unsupported SPION. The XAS results revealed an adsorption-oxidation mechanism in which the adsorbed As(III) was partially oxidized to less toxic As(V) by the hydroxyl free radical (•OH) generated from Fe(III) species and by the hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Lou
- GTS-UAB Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Roberto Boada
- GTS-UAB Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laura Simonelli
- ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- GTS-UAB Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Hu T, Lu J, Wu C, Duan T, Luo P. Dictyophora Polysaccharide Attenuates As-Mediated PINK1/Parkin Pathway-Induced Mitophagy in L-02 Cell through Scavenging ROS. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092806. [PMID: 35566158 PMCID: PMC9099742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is common in the human living environment and a certain amount of exposure to As can lead to liver damage; this toxic effect has been proved to be closely related to intracellular PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy. Dictyophora is an edible fungus that extracts polysaccharides with antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. In the present study, we demonstrated that As induced the onset of mitophagy in hepatocytes by stimulating cellular production of ROS to activate PINK1/Parkin, and the extent of damage increased with increased As-induced toxicity. Dictyophora polysaccharide (DIP) has the ability to scavenge intracellular ROS, which can inhibit oxidative stress injury and inhibit the PINK/Parkin pathway through its receptors or efficacious proteins, thus preventing mitochondrial autophagy and alleviating the hepatotoxicity of As. In conclusion, our results indicate that DIP can reduce As-induced PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated hepatic mitophagy through scavenging ROS and exert hepatoprotective effects, providing experimental data and theoretical basis for the development of medicinal value of Dictyophora as a dual-use food and medicinal fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.H.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (T.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring Control Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Food Nutrition and Health, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ju Lu
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.H.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (T.D.)
| | - Changyan Wu
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.H.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (T.D.)
| | - Tianxiao Duan
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.H.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (T.D.)
| | - Peng Luo
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.H.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (T.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring Control Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Food Nutrition and Health, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Correspondence:
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Shalkami AGS, Hassanein EHM, Sayed AM, Mohamed WR, Khalaf MM, Hemeida RAM. Hepatoprotective effects of phytochemicals berberine and umbelliferone against methotrexate-induced hepatic intoxication: experimental studies and in silico evidence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67593-67607. [PMID: 34258700 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs are used effectively to manage wide types of malignancies, but their therapeutic use is limited due to their associated hepatic intoxication. The current study sheds light on the effect of phytochemicals berberine (BBR) and umbelliferone (UMB) on methotrexate (MTX)-induced hepatic intoxication. Forty-eight rats were allocated to normal, BBR (50 mg/kg orally for 10 days), UMB (30 mg/kg orally for 10 days), MTX (20 mg/kg at the 5th day), BBR+MTX, and UMB+MTX. With regard to MTX, the results of this investigation reveal potent amelioration of MTX hepatotoxicity by BBR and UMB through reduction of the elevated serum levels of ALT, ALP, AST, and LDH confirmed by the attenuation of histopathological abrasion in liver tissues. BBR and UMB markedly restored antioxidant status. More importantly, BBR resulted in reducing P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1) genes and enhanced mRNA expression of Nrf-2 (P < 0.05). Interestingly, in silico studies via molecular docking pinpointed the binding modes of BBR and UMB to the binding pocket residues of P38MAPK, NF-κB, and Keap-1 and demonstrated a promising inhibition of Keap-1, P38MAPK, and NF-κB. BBR and UMB reduced the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and apoptotic protein caspase-3 as well as increased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Therefore, BBR and UMB may denote promising therapeutic agents that can avert hepatic intoxication in patients receiving MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Gawad S Shalkami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Wafaa R Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Khalaf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Ramadan A M Hemeida
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Menia, 61768, Egypt
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Wu L, Li X, Wei S, Hu T, Wu C, Jian W, Luo P. Relationship between p38 signaling pathway and arsenic-induced apoptosis: a meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1213-1224. [PMID: 32621277 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure could induce apoptosis and cause related cancer. It was reported that p38 signaling pathway played a key transcriptional regulatory factor in arsenic-induced apoptosis. However, there were certain disputable questions about this point of opinion. Therefore, the relationship between p38 signaling pathway and arsenic-induced apoptosis was systematically reviewed and analyzed by meta-analysis. Twelve essays were analyzed with StataSE15.0 and Review Manager 5.3. The regulatory variables, such as normal cells and cancer cells, arsenic exposure time and exposure dose were analyzed by the subgroup analysis. The comprehensive effects were compared and analyzed by SMD method. Publication bias, the monolithic impact and heterogeneity were inspected. Subgroup analysis showed, when arsenic exposure was ≥ 5 μmol/l, the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was down-regulated and the expression of p38 and Caspase-3 was up-regulated. When arsenic exposure was < 5 μmol/l, the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, p38 and Caspase-3 was up-regulated. Arsenic exposure time (≥ 48 h) or arsenic exposure dose (≥ 5 μmol/l or < 5 μmol/l) can promote the expression of p38. Arsenic exposure time was ≥ 48 h or exposure dose was < 5 μmol/l in cancer cells, arsenic exposure dose was ≥ 5 μmol/l or exposure time was < 48 h in normal cells, and they are statistically significant in the expression of p38. This study evaluates the role of p38 signaling pathway in arsenic-induced apoptosis, which is helpful to provide theoretical basis for the differentiation of arsenic-induced injury and the therapeutic mechanism of arsenic-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wu
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring Control Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Town of University, Guian New District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring Control Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Town of University, Guian New District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofeng Wei
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring Control Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Town of University, Guian New District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Hu
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring Control Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Town of University, Guian New District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyan Wu
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring Control Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Town of University, Guian New District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Jian
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring Control Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Town of University, Guian New District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Luo
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring Control Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Town of University, Guian New District, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, People's Republic of China.
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Renu K, Saravanan A, Elangovan A, Ramesh S, Annamalai S, Namachivayam A, Abel P, Madhyastha H, Madhyastha R, Maruyama M, Balachandar V, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. An appraisal on molecular and biochemical signalling cascades during arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity. Life Sci 2020; 260:118438. [PMID: 32949585 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a ubiquitous metalloid compound commonly found in the environment, and it is usually found in combination with sulphur and metals. Arsenic is considered as a therapeutic as well as poisoning agent since ancient times. It causes toxic effects on different organs, mainly the liver. In this review, we focused on the molecular mechanism of arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity. Here we envisaged the bridge between arsenic and hepatotoxicity with particular focus on the level of hepatic enzymes such as ALT, AST, and ALP. Here, we attempted to elucidate the role of arsenic in redox imbalance on increased oxidative stress (elevated level of ROS, MDA and NO) and decreased antioxidant levels such as reduced GSH, catalase, and SOD. Oxidative stress induces mitochondrial dysfunction via apoptosis (AKT-PKB, MAPK, PI3/AKT, PKCδ-JNK, AKT/ERK, p53 pathways), fibrosis (TGF-β/Smad pathway), and necrosis and inflammation (TNF-α, NF-ĸB, IL-1, and IL-6). Along with that, arsenic activates caspases and Bax, decreases Bcl2 through mitochondrial dysfunction, and induces apoptosis regulatory mechanism. We believe the alteration of all these pathways leads to arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaviyarasi Renu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Anusha Saravanan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Anushree Elangovan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Sineka Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Sivakumar Annamalai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Praveena Abel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889 1692, Japan
| | - Radha Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889 1692, Japan
| | - Masugi Maruyama
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889 1692, Japan
| | - Vellingiri Balachandar
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gu Y, Lu J, Sun W, Jin R, Ohira T, Zhang Z, Tian X. Oxymatrine and its metabolite matrine contribute to the hepatotoxicity induced by radix Sophorae tonkinensis in mice. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2519-2528. [PMID: 30906440 PMCID: PMC6425122 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies by our group demonstrated that radix Sophorae tonkinensis could induce hepatotoxicity. However, it remains unclear which components of this herb may be responsible for its hepatotoxicity. The present study aimed to investigate the hepatic toxicity of treatment with matrine (MT) and oxymatrine (OMT) alone or simultaneously. Furthermore, the current study aimed to identify whether the hepatotoxicity induced by OMT is actually the toxic characterization of its metabolite MT. Hepatotoxicity was evaluated by biochemical and histopathological approaches in subchronic toxicity in mice, as well as via evaluation of cytotoxicity and enzyme leakage in AML12 liver cells. The results indicated that treatment of mice with OMT and MT individually or simultaneously resulted in centrilobular hypertrophy in the liver at doses equivalent to that contained in radix S. tonkinensis at a hepatotoxic dose, suggesting that MT and OMT are likely hepatotoxic components of this herb. OMT-induced hepatotoxicity may be primarily exerted via its metabolite MT in mice. Furthermore, OMT combined with MT was observed to be more toxic compared with OMT or MT alone. These results extend our understanding of the hepatotoxicity of radix S. tonkinensis and its active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Gu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Center for Laboratory Animals, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jinyao Lu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Center for Laboratory Animals, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Center for Laboratory Animals, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Ruomin Jin
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Center for Laboratory Animals, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Toko Ohira
- Shanghai Innostar Biotech Co., Ltd., China National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zean Zhang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Center for Laboratory Animals, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Tian
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Center for Laboratory Animals, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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Akanda MR, Uddin MN, Kim IS, Ahn D, Tae HJ, Park BY. The biological and pharmacological roles of polyphenol flavonoid tilianin. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 842:291-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Li YZ, Ma ZN, Sun YS, Ren S, Jiang S, Zhang WZ, Wang Z, Li W. Protective effects of extracts of Schisandra chinensis stems against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity via regulation of MAPK and caspase-3 signaling pathways. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:700-713. [PMID: 30269847 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate protective activity of an ethanol extract of the stems of Schisandra chinensis (SCE) and explore its possible molecular mechanisms on acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepatotoxicity in a mouse model. The results of HPLC analysis showed that the main components of SCE included schisandrol A, schisandrol B, deoxyschisandrin, schisandrin B, and schisandrin C and their contents were 5.83, 7.11, 2.13, 4.86, 0.42 mg·g-1, respectively. SCE extract was given for 7 consecutive days before a single hepatotoxic dose of APAP (250 mg·kg-1) was injected to mice. Our results showed that SCE pretreatment ameliorated liver dysfunction and oxidative stress, which was evidenced by significant decreases in aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and elevations in reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. These findings were associated with the result that the SCE pretreatment significantly decreased expression levels of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT). SCE also significantly decreased the expression levels of Bax, mitogen- activated protein kinase (MAPK), and cleaved caspase-3 by APAP exposure. Furthermore, supplementation with SCE suppressed the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), suggesting alleviation of inflammatory response. In summary, these findings from the present study clearly demonstrated that SCE exerted significant alleviation in APAP-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis mainly via regulating MAPK and caspase-3 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zi Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhi-Na Ma
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yin-Shi Sun
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changchun 132109, China
| | - Shen Ren
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wei-Zhe Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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