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Analysis of Facial Features according to Sasang Types between Native Japanese and Native Korean Populations. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:6950216. [PMID: 30154907 PMCID: PMC6092985 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6950216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Facial diagnosis is a common practice and essential diagnostic method used in the Sasang Constitution Medicine (SCM). SCM is a kind of personalized medicine in Traditional Korean Medicine which categorizes people into four types, namely, Tae-Yang (TY) type, Tae-Eum type (TE), So-Yang (SY) type, and So-Eum (SE) type. This study was conducted to compare and analyze the differences in the facial feature across Sasang types among native Japanese and native Koreans. Methods. A total of 843 subjects were recruited for this study, 127 native Japanese and 716 native Koreans, respectively. Facial feature points and the measurements of facial features were assigned and calculated automatically using a facial analysis program. Data of each Sasang type for both genders were also extracted and analyzed. Analysis of covariance was then used to examine the differences in facial feature variables among native Japanese and native Koreans and Sasang types. Results. Significant differences were seen in the facial feature variables related to lower face area and eye shape. In males, TE types had wider mid-face and lower face as compared to other constitutions. Male TE types were also seen to have narrower eyes whereas male SY types had rounder eyes. In females, TE types had wider lower face width and area compared to SY types and SE types. Female SY types also had rounder eyes. Conclusions. This study presented distinctive feature in the lower face area and eye shape among the Sasang types in both native Japanese and native Koreans. This proposed that facial feature variables can also be used as an objective tool in distinguishing the Sasang types in native Japanese. Further studies are needed in the future to generalize these results.
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Cha S, Lim JE, Park AY, Do JH, Lee SW, Shin C, Cho NH, Kang JO, Nam JM, Kim JS, Woo KM, Lee SH, Kim JY, Oh B. Identification of five novel genetic loci related to facial morphology by genome-wide association studies. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:481. [PMID: 29921221 PMCID: PMC6008943 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Face morphology is strongly determined by genetic factors. However, only a small number of genes related to face morphology have been identified to date. Here, we performed a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 85 face morphological traits in 7569 Koreans (5643 in the discovery set and 1926 in the replication set). RESULTS In this study, we analyzed 85 facial traits, including facial angles. After discovery GWAS, 128 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showing an association of P < 5 × 10- 6 were selected to determine the replication of the associations, and meta-analysis of discovery GWAS and the replication analysis resulted in five genome-wide significant loci. The OSR1-WDR35 [rs7567283, G allele, beta (se) = -0.536 (0.096), P = 2.75 × 10- 8] locus was associated with the facial frontal contour; the HOXD1-MTX2 [rs970797, A allele, beta (se) = 0.015 (0.003), P = 3.97 × 10- 9] and WDR27 [rs3736712, C allele, beta (se) = 0.293 (0.048), P = 8.44 × 10- 10] loci were associated with eye shape; and the SOX9 [rs2193054, C allele, beta (se) (ln-transformed) = -0.007 (0.001), P = 6.17 × 10- 17] and DHX35 [rs2206437, A allele, beta (se) = -0.283 (0.047), P = 1.61 × 10- 9] loci were associated with nose shape. WDR35 and SOX9 were related to known craniofacial malformations, i.e., cranioectodermal dysplasia 2 and campomelic dysplasia, respectively. In addition, we found three independent association signals in the SOX9 locus, and six known loci for nose size and shape were replicated in this study population. Interestingly, four SNPs within these five face morphology-related loci showed discrepancies in allele frequencies among ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS We identified five novel face morphology loci that were associated with facial frontal contour, nose shape, and eye shape. Our findings provide useful genetic information for the determination of face morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongwon Cha
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Yeon Park
- Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeong Do
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Woo Lee
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Division of Pulmonary Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital and Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Han Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-One Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Nam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sik Kim
- DNA Forensic Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul, 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Man Woo
- DNA Forensic Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul, 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- DNA Forensic Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul, 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Yeol Kim
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Bermseok Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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