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Sodani M, Misra CS, Nigam G, Fatima Z, Kulkarni S, Rath D. MSMEG_0311 is a conserved essential polar protein involved in mycobacterium cell wall metabolism. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129583. [PMID: 38242409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cell wall synthesis and cell division are two closely linked pathways in a bacterial cell which distinctly influence the growth and survival of a bacterium. This requires an appreciable coordination between the two processes, more so, in case of mycobacteria with an intricate multi-layered cell wall structure. In this study, we investigated a conserved gene cluster using CRISPR-Cas12 based gene silencing technology to show that knockdown of most of the genes in this cluster leads to growth defects. Investigating conserved genes is important as they likely perform vital cellular functions and the functional insights on such genes can be extended to other mycobacterial species. We characterised one of the genes in the locus, MSMEG_0311. The repression of this gene not only imparts severe growth defect but also changes colony morphology. We demonstrate that the protein preferentially localises to the polar region and investigate its influence on the polar growth of the bacillus. A combination of permeability and drug susceptibility assay strongly suggests a cell wall associated function of this gene which is also corroborated by transcriptomic analysis of the knockdown where a number of cell wall associated genes, particularly iniA and sigF regulon get altered. Considering the gene is highly conserved across mycobacterial species and appears to be essential for growth, it may serve as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Sodani
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chitra S Misra
- Applied Genomics Section, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gaurav Nigam
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Savita Kulkarni
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Devashish Rath
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India; Applied Genomics Section, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India.
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Sieniawska E, Sawicki R, Truszkiewicz W, Marchev AS, Georgiev MI. Usnic Acid Treatment Changes the Composition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Envelope and Alters Bacterial Redox Status. mSystems 2021; 6:e00097-21. [PMID: 33947802 PMCID: PMC8269206 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00097-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis developed efficient adaptation mechanisms in response to different environmental conditions. This resulted in the ability to survive in human macrophages and in resistance to numerous antibiotics. To get insight into bacterial responses to potent antimycobacterial natural compounds, we tested how usnic acid, a lichen-derived secondary metabolite, would influence mycobacteria at transcriptomic and metabolomic levels. The analysis of expression of sigma factors revealed a profound impact of usnic acid on one of the primary genetic regulatory systems of M. tuberculosis Combined liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses allowed us to observe the perturbations in metabolic pathways, as well as in lipid composition, which took place within 24 h of exposure. Early bacterial response was related to redox homeostasis, lipid synthesis, and nucleic acid repair. Usnic acid treatment provoked disturbances of redox state in mycobacterial cells and increased production of structural elements of the cell wall and cell membrane. In addition, to increase the number of molecules related to restoration of redox balance, the rearrangements of the cell envelope were the first defense mechanisms observed under usnic acid treatment.IMPORTANCE The evaluation of mechanisms of mycobacterial response to natural products has been barely studied. However, it might be helpful to reveal bacterial adaptation strategies, which are eventually crucial for the discovery of new drug targets and, hence, understanding the resistance mechanisms. This study showed that the first-line mycobacterial defense against usnic acid, a potent antimicrobial agent, is the remodeling of the cell envelope and restoring redox homeostasis. Transcriptomic data correlated with metabolomics analysis. The observed metabolic changes appeared similar to those exerted by antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Sieniawska
- Medical University of Lublin, Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafal Sawicki
- Medical University of Lublin, Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wieslaw Truszkiewicz
- Medical University of Lublin, Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrey S Marchev
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Minias A, Żukowska L, Lechowicz E, Gąsior F, Knast A, Podlewska S, Zygała D, Dziadek J. Early Drug Development and Evaluation of Putative Antitubercular Compounds in the -Omics Era. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:618168. [PMID: 33603720 PMCID: PMC7884339 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.618168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. According to the WHO, the disease is one of the top 10 causes of death of people worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen with an unusually thick, waxy cell wall and a complex life cycle. These factors, combined with M. tuberculosis ability to enter prolonged periods of latency, make the bacterium very difficult to eradicate. The standard treatment of TB requires 6-20months, depending on the drug susceptibility of the infecting strain. The need to take cocktails of antibiotics to treat tuberculosis effectively and the emergence of drug-resistant strains prompts the need to search for new antitubercular compounds. This review provides a perspective on how modern -omic technologies facilitate the drug discovery process for tuberculosis treatment. We discuss how methods of DNA and RNA sequencing, proteomics, and genetic manipulation of organisms increase our understanding of mechanisms of action of antibiotics and allow the evaluation of drugs. We explore the utility of mathematical modeling and modern computational analysis for the drug discovery process. Finally, we summarize how -omic technologies contribute to our understanding of the emergence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Minias
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lidia Żukowska
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
- BioMedChem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and the Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Lechowicz
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
- Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Filip Gąsior
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
- BioMedChem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and the Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Knast
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sabina Podlewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Daria Zygała
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
- Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dziadek
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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Hans S, Purkait D, Nandan S, Bansal M, Hameed S, Fatima Z. Rec A disruption unveils cross talk between DNA repair and membrane damage, efflux pump activity, biofilm formation in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104262. [PMID: 32439563 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has emerged in recent decades as one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The burden of TB is alarmingly high, with one third affected global population as reported by WHO. Short-course treatment with an antibiotic is a powerful weapon to treat infection of susceptible MTB strain, however; MTB has developed resistance to anti-TB drugs, which is an escalating global health crisis. Thus there is urgent need to identify new drug targets. RecA is a 38 kilodalton protein required for the repair and maintenance of DNA and regulation of the SOS response. The objective of this study is to understand the effect of disruption of RecA gene (deletion mutant ΔdisA from previous study) in a surrogate model for MTB, Mycobacterium smegmatis. This study demonstrated that disruption of RecA causes enhanced susceptibility towards rifampicin and generation of ROS leading to lipid peroxidation and impaired membrane homeostasis as depicted by altered cell membrane permeability and efflux pump activity. Mass spectrometry based lipidomic analysis revealed decreased mycolic acid moieties, phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIM), Phthiocerol dimycocerosate (DIM). Furthermore, biofilm formation was considerably reduced. Additionally, we have validated all the disrupted phenotypes by RT-PCR which showed a good correlation with the biochemical assays. Lastly, RecA mutant displayed reduced infectivity in Caenorhabditis elegans illustrating its vulnerability as antimycobacterial target. Together, present study establishes a link between DNA repair, drug efflux and biofilm formation and validates RecA as an effective drug target. Intricate studies are needed to further understand and exploit this therapeutic opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Hans
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Manesar, 122413, India
| | - Dyuti Purkait
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Manesar, 122413, India
| | - Shiv Nandan
- Amity Lipidomics Research Facility, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Manesar, 122413, India
| | - Maghav Bansal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Manesar, 122413, India
| | - Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Manesar, 122413, India.
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Manesar, 122413, India.
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Swain SS, Paidesetty SK, Padhy RN, Hussain T. Isoniazid-phytochemical conjugation: A new approach for potent and less toxic anti-TB drug development. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:714-730. [PMID: 32237023 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes one of the most grievous pandemic infectious diseases, tuberculosis (TB), with long-term morbidity and high mortality. The emergence of drug-resistant Mtb strains, and the co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus, challenges the current WHO-TB stewardship programs. The first-line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF), have become extensively obsolete in TB control from chromosomal mutations during the last decades. However, based on clinical trial statistics, the production of well-tolerated anti-TB drug(s) is miserably low. Alternately, semi-synthesis or structural modifications of first-line obsolete antitubercular drugs remain as the versatile approach for getting some potential medicines. The use of any suitable phytochemicals with INH in a hybrid formulation could be an ideal approach for the development of potent anti-TB drug(s). The primary objective of this review was to highlight and analyze available INH-phytochemical hybrid research works. The utilization of phytochemicals through chemical conjugation is a new trend toward the development of safer/non-toxic anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasank S Swain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India.,Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sudhir K Paidesetty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rabindra N Padhy
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tahziba Hussain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
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Sieniawska E, Sawicki R, Golus J, Georgiev MI. Untargetted Metabolomic Exploration of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Stress Response to Cinnamon Essential Oil. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030357. [PMID: 32111061 PMCID: PMC7175327 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimycobacterial activity of cinnamaldehyde has already been proven for laboratory strains and for clinical isolates. What is more, cinnamaldehyde was shown to threaten the mycobacterial plasma membrane integrity and to activate the stress response system. Following promising applications of metabolomics in drug discovery and development we aimed to explore the mycobacteria response to cinnamaldehyde within cinnamon essential oil treatment by untargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The use of predictive metabolite pathway analysis and description of produced lipids enabled the evaluation of the stress symptoms shown by bacteria. This study suggests that bacteria exposed to cinnamaldehyde could reorganize their outer membrane as a physical barrier against stress factors. They probably lowered cell wall permeability and inner membrane fluidity, and possibly redirected carbon flow to store energy in triacylglycerols. Being a reactive compound, cinnamaldehyde may also contribute to disturbances in bacteria redox homeostasis and detoxification mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Sieniawska
- Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafał Sawicki
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (R.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Joanna Golus
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (R.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Milen I. Georgiev
- Group of Plant Cell Biotechnology and Metabolomics, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Sharma S, Hameed S, Fatima Z. Monoterpenoid Geraniol Improves Anti-mycobacterial Drug Efficiency by Interfering with Lipidome and Virulence of Mycobacteria. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:467-485. [PMID: 31241021 DOI: 10.2174/1871526519666190625113203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global infectious disorder for which efficient therapeutics are elusive. Nature is a source of novel pharmacologically active compounds with many potential drugs being derived directly or indirectly from plants, microorganisms and marine organisms. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to elucidate the antimycobacterial potential of Geraniol (Ger), monoterpene alcohol, against Mycobacterium smegmatis. METHODS Disrupted membrane integrity was studied by membrane permeability assay and PI uptake. Cell surface phenotypes were studied by colony morphology, sliding motility and cell sedimentation rate. Lipidome profile was demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Amendment in iron homeostasis was assessed by using iron chelator ferrozine and ferroxidase assay while genotoxicity was estimated with EtBr and DAPI staining. Biofilm formation was measured by staining, dry mass and metabolic activity using crystal violet. Cell adherence was examined microscopically and spectrophotometrically. RESULTS We found the antimycobacterial activity of Ger to be 500 μg/ml against M. smegmatis. Underlying mechanisms revealed impaired cell surface phenotypes. Lipidomics analysis exposed profound decrement of mycolic acids, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and triacylglycerides which are crucial for MTB pathogenicity. We further explored that Ger impairs iron homeostasis and leads to genotoxic stress. Moreover, Ger inhibited the potential virulence attributes such as biofilm formation and cell adherence to both polystyrene surface and epithelial cells. Finally, we have validated all the disrupted phenotypes by RT-PCR which showed good correlation with the biochemical assays. CONCLUSION Taken together, the current study demonstrates the antimycobacterial mechanisms of Ger, which may be exploited as an effective candidate of pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgugram (Manesar)-122413, India
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Pal R, Hameed S, Kumar P, Singh S, Fatima Z. Understanding lipidomic basis of iron limitation induced chemosensitization of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:122. [PMID: 30863701 PMCID: PMC6401079 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Under limited micronutrients condition, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has to struggle for acquisition of the limited micronutrients available in the host. One such crucial micronutrient that MTB requires for the growth and sustenance is iron. The present study aimed to sequester the iron supply of MTB to control drug resistance in MTB. We found that iron restriction renders hypersensitivity to multidrug-resistant MTB strains against first-line anti-TB drugs. To decipher the effect of iron restriction on possible mechanisms of chemosensitization and altered cellular circuitry governing drug resistance and virulence of MTB, we explored MTB cellular architecture. We could identify non-intact cell envelope, tampered MTB morphology and diminished mycolic acid under iron restricted MDR-MTB cells. Deeper exploration unraveled altered lipidome profile observed through conventional TLC and advanced mass spectrometry-based LC-ESI-MS techniques. Lipidome analysis not only depicted profound alterations of various lipid classes which are crucial for pathogenecity but also exposed leads such as indispensability of iron to sustain metabolic, genotoxic and oxidative stresses. Furthermore, iron deprivation led to inhibited biofilm formation and capacity of MTB to adhere buccal epithelial cells. Lastly, we demonstrated enhanced survival of Mycobacterium-infected Caenorhabditis elegans model under iron limitation. The present study offers evidence and proposes alteration of lipidome profile and affected virulence traits upon iron chelation. Taken together, iron deprivation could be a potential strategy to rescue MDR and enhance the effectiveness of existing anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pal
- 0000 0004 1805 0217grid.444644.2Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, 122413 India
| | - Saif Hameed
- 0000 0004 1805 0217grid.444644.2Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, 122413 India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- 0000 0004 1767 6103grid.413618.9Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Sarman Singh
- 0000 0004 1767 6103grid.413618.9Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- 0000 0004 1805 0217grid.444644.2Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, 122413 India
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Briffotaux J, Liu S, Gicquel B. Genome-Wide Transcriptional Responses of Mycobacterium to Antibiotics. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:249. [PMID: 30842759 PMCID: PMC6391361 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics can stimulate or depress gene expression in bacteria. The analysis of transcriptional responses of Mycobacterium to antimycobacterial compounds has improved our understanding of the mode of action of various drug classes and the efficacy and effect of such compounds on the global metabolism of Mycobacterium. This approach can provide new insights for known antibiotics, for example those currently used for tuberculosis treatment, as well as help to identify the mode of action and predict the targets of new compounds identified by whole-cell screening assays. In addition, changes in gene expression profiles after antimycobacterial treatment can provide information about the adaptive ability of bacteria to escape the effects of antibiotics and allow monitoring of the physiology of the bacteria during treatment. Genome-wide expression profiling also makes it possible to pinpoint genes differentially expressed between drug sensitive Mycobacterium and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Finally, genes involved in adaptive responses and drug tolerance could become new targets for improving the efficacy of existing antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Briffotaux
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China.,Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengyuan Liu
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China.,Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Mycobacterial Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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