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Roe K. The epithelial cell types and their multi-phased defenses against fungi and other pathogens. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 563:119889. [PMID: 39117034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Mucus and its movements are essential to epithelial tissue immune defenses against pathogens, including fungal pathogens, which can infect respiratory, gastrointestinal or the genito-urinary tracts. Several epithelial cell types contribute to their immune defense. This review focuses on the respiratory tract because of its paramount importance, but the observations will apply to epithelial cell defenses of other mucosal tissue, including the gastrointestinal and genito-urinary tracts. Mucus and its movements can enhance or degrade the immune defenses of the respiratory tract, particularly the lungs. The enhancements include inhaled pathogen entrapments, including fungal pathogens, pollutants and particulates, for their removal. The detriments include smaller lung airway obstructions by mucus, impairing the physical removal of pathogens and impairing vital transfers of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveolar circulatory system and the pulmonary air. Inflammation, edema and/or alveolar cellular damage can also reduce vital transfers of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lung alveolar circulatory system and the pulmonary air. Furthermore, respiratory tract defenses are affected by several fatty acid mediators which activate cellular receptors to manipulate neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, various innate lymphoid cells including the natural killer cells, T cells, γδ T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, NKT cells and mast cells. These mediators include the inflammatory and frequently immunosuppressive prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and the special pro-resolving mediators, which normally resolve inflammation and immunosuppression. The total effects on the various epithelial cell and immune cell types, after exposures to pathogens, pollutants or particulates, will determine respiratory tract health or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Roe
- Retired United States Patent and Trademark Office, San Jose, CA, United States.
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2
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David S, Munteanu RE, Tițoiu AM, Petcu IC, Cernat IC, Leancu C, Gheorghiu M, Gheorghiu E. Direct, Rapid Detection of Pathogens from Urine Samples. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15217640. [PMID: 36363232 PMCID: PMC9656601 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The problem of rapidly detecting pathogens directly from clinical samples poses significant analytical challenges. Addressing this issue in relation to urinary tract infections, we propose an effective protocol and related immunomagnetic test kits enabling versatile screening for the presence of pathogenic bacteria in unprocessed urine samples. To achieve this, the components of a typical immunomagnetic separation protocol were optimized towards the sensitive assessment of the aggregates formed out of immunomagnetically tagged target pathogens collected from clinical samples. Specifically, a dedicated immunomagnetic material was developed via the functionalization of standardized, micron-sized magnetic beads with generic antibodies against gram-specific bacterial constituents with mannan binding lectin. As such, we demonstrate efficient procedures for achieving the enhanced, specific, and pathogen-mediated cluster formation of these tailored affinity-coated magnetic beads in complex samples. We further show how cluster analysis, in conjunction with the use of nonspecific, inexpensive fluorescent dye, allows for a straightforward optical assessment of the bacterial load directly from urine samples. The optimized sensing protocol and related kits provide, in less than 60 min, qualitative (positive/negative) information on the bacterial load with 85% specificity and 96% sensitivity, which is appropriate to empower clinical microscopy with a new analytic dimension. The procedure is prone to automation, can be conveniently used in clinical microbiology laboratories and, since it preserves the viability of the captured bacteria, can be interfaced with downstream analyses and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Moreover, the study emphasizes a suite of practical validation assays that are useful for bringing the tool-box of immunomagnetic materials outside the academic laboratory and into real-life applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin David
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor 1B, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca-Elena Munteanu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor 1B, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Tițoiu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor 1B, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela-Cristina Petcu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor 1B, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana-Cristina Cernat
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor 1B, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina Leancu
- Laboratoarele SynLab, Bld. Tudor Vladimirescu nr.29, 050881 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gheorghiu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor 1B, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugen Gheorghiu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor 1B, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
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Betzmann D, Döring M, Blumenstock G, Erdmann F, Grabow D, Lang P, Binder G. Impact of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 on HSCT outcome in pediatric cancer patients. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:355.e1-355.e9. [PMID: 35405367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is associated with severe medical complications and variable outcome depending on the recipient's disease stage and health condition. Biomarkers predicting outcome may have therapeutic relevance in pediatric cancer care. Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF 1) is a mitogenic and anabolic peptide hormone that is expressed in almost all tissues. This hormone is the major growth factor in childhood. As IGF 1 is decreased in conditions that cause catabolic metabolism, it may reflect the degree of physical robustness of the patient and serve as predictive biomarker for transplant outcome. OBJECTIVES AND STUDY DESIGN We evaluated the impact of pre-transplant serum-IGF 1 on both survival and adverse events in 587 pediatric cancer patients, who underwent autologous or allogeneic HSCT between 1987 and 2014 at the University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Germany. Survival probabilities of the entire cohort and of defined subgroups according to pre-transplant serum-IGF-1 were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Mean pre-transplant IGF 1 (n = 498) was low: -1.67 SDS (SD, 1.54). Completeness of follow-up three and ten years post HSCT was 96 % and 83 %, respectively. The ten-year overall survival was 44.8 % (95 % confidence interval [CI], 40.6-48.9). With decreasing IGF-1 SDS, there was a significant increase of transplant-related mortality (p = 0.027), sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (quartiles 4 to 1: 3; 1; 12; 12%; p < 0.001) and thrombotic microangiopathy (quartiles 4 to 1: 0: 0: 2; 5%; p = 0.004). IGF 1 decile 1 showed a significantly poorer outcome (p=0.042) with lower median (12 versus 68 months) and ten-year overall survival (37 % versus 52 %) when compared to decile 2-10. CONCLUSIONS This retrospective study suggests pre-transplant serum-IGF 1 as a predictor of survival and selected vascular adverse events that may have diagnostic and therapeutic relevance in pediatric cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Betzmann
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str.1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Döring
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str.1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Blumenstock
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Silcherstraße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friederike Erdmann
- Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, German Childhood Cancer Registry, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI) University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz
| | - Desiree Grabow
- Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, German Childhood Cancer Registry, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI) University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz
| | - Peter Lang
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str.1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Binder
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str.1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Wang F, Yang Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Mu Y, Yang J, Yu L, Wang M. Mannan-Binding Lectin Regulates the Th17/Treg Axis Through JAK/STAT and TGF-β/SMAD Signaling Against Candida albicans Infection. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1797-1810. [PMID: 35300210 PMCID: PMC8923702 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s344489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a key molecule in innate immunity and activates the lectin complement pathway, which plays an important role in resisting Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection. However, the underlying mechanism of this resistance to infection remains unclear. Methods In this study, we investigated how MBL regulates the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into T helper type 17 (Th17) and T regulatory (Treg) cells against C. albicans in mice, as well as the underlying mechanisms. We generated MBL double-knockout (KO) mice and infected them with C. albicans by intraperitoneal injection. Results Compared with that in wild-type (WT) mice, the percentage of Th17 cells increased in MBL-null mice, whereas Treg cells decreased, indicating that MBL might regulate the Th17/Treg balance. In addition, in MBL-null mice, the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-21, and the master transcription factor of Th17 cells, RORγt, significantly increased. Conversely, IL-10, IL-2, and the Treg-specific transcription factor, Foxp3, decreased. Moreover, we found that the levels of TGF-β and IL-6 upregulated in MBL-null mice. Mechanistically, we found that MBL regulated the TGF-β/SMAD pathway through the inhibition of p-SMAD2 and promotion of p-SMAD3, and mediated the JAK/STAT pathway through the inhibition of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 and promotion of p-JAK3 and p-STAT5. MBL double-KO mice showed a more severe inflammatory response and significantly lower survival rates with C. albicans infection. Conclusion These results suggest that MBL regulates the Th17/Treg cell balance to inhibit inflammatory responses, possibly via IL-6- and TGF-β-mediated JAK/STAT and TGF-β/SMAD signaling, and play an important role in anti-C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanping Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Luoyang Oriental Hospital, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Mu
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Yu
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Mingyong Wang; Lili Yu, Email ;
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Kalia N, Singh J, Kaur M. The ambiguous role of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in human immunity. Open Med (Wars) 2021; 16:299-310. [PMID: 33681468 PMCID: PMC7917369 DOI: 10.1515/med-2021-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and lectin complement pathway have become targets of increasing clinical interest. Many aspects of MBL have been recently explored, including the structural properties that allow it to distinguish self from non-self/altered-self structures. Experimental evidences have declared the additional 5′- and 3′-variants that in amalgamation with well-known secretor polymorphisms change MBL function and concentration. Moreover, the current review highlights the differential behavior of MBL on exposure with extra/intracellular pathogens and in autoimmune diseases, stressing the fact that “high MBL levels can increase diseases susceptibility,” a paradox that needs justification. Attributable to these discrepancies, no absolute level of MBL deficiency could be defined so far and thus must be interpreted for specific diseases through case–control population-specific designs. Overall, it is evident that further research is needed about MBL and the lectin pathway of complement. Particularly, the transformative role of MBL over evolution is of interest and its role with regard to pathogenesis of different diseases and potential therapeutic targets within the respective pathways should be further explored. Apart from this, it is necessary to adopt an extensive locus-wide methodology to apprehend the clinical significance of MBL2 polymorphisms in a variety of infectious diseases by the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namarta Kalia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jatinder Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Harpf V, Rambach G, Würzner R, Lass-Flörl C, Speth C. Candida and Complement: New Aspects in an Old Battle. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1471. [PMID: 32765510 PMCID: PMC7381207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida is a dominant fungal pathogen in immunocompromised hosts, leading to opportunistic infections. Complement with its multifaceted functions is involved in the immune defense against this yeast, and recently several novel aspects have emerged in this old battle. It is clear that Candida can adopt both roles as a colonizer or as a pathogen. In our article, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of the Candida-complement interplay, which occur in disseminated disease as well as locally on skin or on mucous membranes in mouth and vagina; the mechanisms can be supposed to be the same. Activation of the complement system by Candida is facilitated by directly triggering the three dominant pathways, but also indirectly via the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems. The complement-mediated anti-Candida effects induced thereby clearly extend chemotaxis, opsonization, and phagocytosis, and even the membrane attack complex formed on the fungal surface plays a modulatory role, although lysis of the yeast per se cannot be induced due to the thick fungal cell wall. In order to avoid the hostile action of complement, several evasion mechanisms have evolved during co-evolution, comprising the avoidance of recognition, and destruction. The latter comes in many flavors, in particular the cleavage of complement proteins by yeast enzymes and the exploitation of regulatory proteins by recruiting them on the cell wall, such as factor H. The rationale behind that is that the fluid phase regulators on the fungal cell surface down-regulate complement locally. Interestingly, however, evasion protein knockout strains do not necessarily lead to an attenuated disease, so it is likely more complex in vivo than initially thought. The interactions between complement and non-albicans species also deserve attention, especially Candida auris, a recently identified drug-resistant species of medical importance. This is in particular worth investigating, as deciphering of these interactions may lead to alternative anti-fungal therapies directly targeting the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Harpf
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Rambach
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Speth
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Salazar VA, Arranz-Trullén J, Prats-Ejarque G, Torrent M, Andreu D, Pulido D, Boix E. Insight into the Antifungal Mechanism of Action of Human RNase N-terminus Derived Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184558. [PMID: 31540052 PMCID: PMC6770517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a polymorphic fungus responsible for mucosal and skin infections. Candida cells establish themselves into biofilm communities resistant to most currently available antifungal agents. An increase of severe infections ensuing in fungal septic shock in elderly or immunosuppressed patients, along with the emergence of drug-resistant strains, urge the need for the development of alternative antifungal agents. In the search for novel antifungal drugs our laboratory demonstrated that two human ribonucleases from the vertebrate-specific RNaseA superfamily, hRNase3 and hRNase7, display a high anticandidal activity. In a previous work, we proved that the N-terminal region of the RNases was sufficient to reproduce most of the parental protein bactericidal activity. Next, we explored their potency against a fungal pathogen. Here, we have tested the N-terminal derived peptides that correspond to the eight human canonical RNases (RN1-8) against planktonic cells and biofilms of C. albicans. RN3 and RN7 peptides displayed the most potent inhibitory effect with a mechanism of action characterized by cell-wall binding, membrane permeabilization and biofilm eradication activities. Both peptides are able to eradicate planktonic and sessile cells, and to alter their gene expression, reinforcing its role as a lead candidate to develop novel antifungal and antibiofilm therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Javier Arranz-Trullén
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Guillem Prats-Ejarque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Marc Torrent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Pulido
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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8
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Korolenko TA, Bgatova NP, Vetvicka V. Glucan and Mannan-Two Peas in a Pod. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133189. [PMID: 31261851 PMCID: PMC6651133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, various polysaccharides isolated from algae, mushrooms, yeast, and higher plants have attracted serious attention in the area of nutrition and medicine. The reasons include their low toxicity, rare negative side effects, relatively low price, and broad spectrum of therapeutic actions. The two most and best-studied polysaccharides are mannan and glucan. This review focused on their biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Korolenko
- Department of Experimental Models of Neurodegeneration, Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Timakov St. 4, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya P Bgatova
- Laboratory of Electron Miscroscopy, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Affiliated Branch of Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, 511 S. Floyd, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Fina Martin J, Palomino MM, Cutine AM, Modenutti CP, Fernández Do Porto DA, Allievi MC, Zanini SH, Mariño KV, Barquero AA, Ruzal SM. Exploring lectin-like activity of the S-layer protein of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4839-4857. [PMID: 31053916 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The surface layer (S-layer) protein of Lactobacillus acidophilus is a crystalline array of self-assembling, proteinaceous subunits non-covalently bound to the outmost bacterial cell wall envelope and is involved in the adherence of bacteria to host cells. We have previously described that the S-layer protein of L. acidophilus possesses anti-viral and anti-bacterial properties. In this work, we extracted and purified S-layer proteins from L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 cells to study their interaction with cell wall components from prokaryotic (i.e., peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acids) and eukaryotic origin (i.e., mucin and chitin), as well as with viruses, bacteria, yeast, and blood cells. Using chimeric S-layer fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) from different parts of the protein, we analyzed their binding capacity. Our results show that the C-terminal part of the S-layer protein presents lectin-like activity, interacting with different glycoepitopes. We further demonstrate that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) serves as an anchor for the S-layer protein. Finally, a structure for the C-terminal part of S-layer and possible binding sites were predicted by a homology-based model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquina Fina Martin
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cdad. Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4 piso, Lab QB40, C1428EGA, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Mercedes Palomino
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cdad. Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4 piso, Lab QB40, C1428EGA, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anabella M Cutine
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos P Modenutti
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cdad. Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4 piso, Lab QB40, C1428EGA, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dario A Fernández Do Porto
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cdad. Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4 piso, Lab QB40, C1428EGA, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Cálculo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana C Allievi
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cdad. Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4 piso, Lab QB40, C1428EGA, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofia H Zanini
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cdad. Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4 piso, Lab QB40, C1428EGA, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea A Barquero
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cdad. Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4 piso, Lab QB40, C1428EGA, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra M Ruzal
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cdad. Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4 piso, Lab QB40, C1428EGA, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Pervasive fungal infection among the immunocompromised population, in conjunction with a lack of effective treatment options, has demanded further scrutiny. Millions of people are still dying annually from fungal infections. While existing treatment for these fungal infections exists, it is difficult to administer without adverse effects in the immunocompromised and is slowly becoming obsolete due to varying mutation rates and rising resistance in multiple species. Thus, vaccines may be a viable target for preventing and treating fungal infections and addressing the critical challenge of such infections.
Recent Findings
Candida albicans, along with other non-albicans Candida species, is among the more virulent class of fungal specimens considered for vaccine development. C. albicans is responsible for a large percentage of invasive fungal infections among immunocompromised and immunocompetent populations and carries a relatively high mortality rate. In the last decade, a recent increase in infective capacity among Candida species has shed light on the lack of adequate fungal vaccine choices. While roadblocks still exist in the development of antifungal vaccines, several novel targets have been examined and proposed as candidates.
Summary
Success in vaccine development has universal appeal; an anti-Candida vaccine formulation could be modified to work against other fungal infections and thus bolster the antifungal pipeline.
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Aranda-Souza MÂ, de Lorena VMB, Dos Santos Correia MT, de Figueiredo RCBQ. In vitro effect of Bothrops leucurus lectin (BLL) against Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:431-439. [PMID: 30118767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis are the main causative agents of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) in Brazil. As intracellular parasites, the infection by Leishmania species is dependent on the host immune response and the immunotherapy could be promissory for the development of new strategies to combat ATL. In this work we investigated the leishmanicidal potential of a galactose-binding lectin from the snake venom of Bothrops leucurus (BLL) during the infection with L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis. BLL inhibited the promastigote growth and viability of both species in a mechanism dependent on galactose and calcium. The treatment with BLL also decreases the survival of intracellular parasites for both species and induced profound ultrastructural changes on amastigotes without apparent damage to the host cells. The analysis of the cytokine profile revealed that BLL induced an increase in the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α by infected macrophages in both species, but differed in relation to IL-1β and IL-10 response. Future works using in vitro and in vivo models are necessary to support the use of these lectins as biotechnological tool in immunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ângela Aranda-Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Patógenos, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Microbiologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Virginia Maria Barros de Lorena
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
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