1
|
Jolley H, Boyar V, Fishbein J, DeAbreu G, Ibrahim Z, Weinberger B. Environmental stress and salivary cortisol levels in preterm infants. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2024:NPM230178. [PMID: 39331114 DOI: 10.3233/npm-230178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm infants are exposed to numerous environmental stressors during their Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) stay, particularly during the first week after birth. The aim of this study is to assess whether salivary cortisol levels are correlated with Neonatal Infant Stressor Scale (NISS) scores in preterm infants during the first week of life. We also quantified the changes in both NISS scores and cortisol levels in the first week, and whether cortisol levels are associated with gestational age. METHODS Preterm infants (n = 38, birth weight <1250 g and/or gestational age <29 weeks) were included. Saliva samples were collected on day 0-3 (early) and day 4-7 (late), and cortisol concentrations were measured by immunoassay. NISS scores were assessed retrospectively for the six hours preceding each saliva collection. RESULTS NISS scores were not significantly correlated with salivary cortisol levels at either time point. However, infants born at <28 weeks gestation had higher median cortisol levels than infants born at >28 weeks (p = 0.0068), and there was also a significant inverse relationship between NISS score and gestational age (p = 0.04). There was no significant difference between the early and late time points for either NISS scores or cortisol levels. CONCLUSIONS Cortisol levels are elevated in infants <28 weeks gestation but do not correlate with NISS scores. NISS scores are inversely related to gestational age, likely reflecting increased exposure to interventions and invasive procedures for the smallest infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Jolley
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell School, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - V Boyar
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell School, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - J Fishbein
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell School, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - G DeAbreu
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell School, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Z Ibrahim
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell School, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - B Weinberger
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell School, Hempstead, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Siva N, Nayak BS, Lewis LES, Velayudhan B, Shenoy RP, Phaneendra M, Shankar R. Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect of the Neonatal Nurse Navigator Program on Maternal Stress and Neonatal Cortisol Levels. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2024; 53:185-196. [PMID: 38134967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of the Neonatal Nurse Navigator Program (NNNP) compared to usual care on maternal stress and neonatal salivary cortisol level (SCL) in the NICU. DESIGN Randomized control trial. SETTING NICU in a tertiary health care hospital in Manipal, Udupi District, Karnataka, India. PARTICIPANTS Neonates between 34 and 36 weeks gestation and their mothers (N = 120 dyads). METHODS We used block randomization to assign dyads to the intervention or control group. We measured maternal stress using the Parental Stress Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and we estimated neonatal stress by measuring SCLs within 24 hours of NICU admission and before discharge from the unit. We conducted a descriptive analysis on participant characteristics and reported maternal stress levels using means and standard deviations. We used the analysis of covariance change score test to determine the difference in maternal and neonatal stress levels between the intervention and control groups. RESULTS The NNNP group exhibited significantly lower maternal stress scores before discharge than the control group, and we observed reductions across all three subscales of the Parental Stress Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Mean neonatal salivary cortisol levels were significantly lower in the interventional group than in the control group, F(1.117) = 24.03, 95% confidence interval [7.9, 18.6], p < .001. CONCLUSION Use of the NNNP reduced maternal stress SCLs in high-risk neonates by actively engaging mothers in the care of their neonates in the NICU. We recommend adoption of the NNNP model as a standard care policy in NICUs throughout India.
Collapse
|
3
|
Olszewska M, Pointinger-Tomasik S, Kwinta P. Assessment of salivary cortisol concentrations for procedural pain monitoring in newborns. J Perinat Med 2022; 51:564-572. [PMID: 36282969 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of salivary cortisol (SC) for the assessment of procedural pain intensity in preterm and term newborns. METHODS Three groups of neonates (term, 370-416 weeks; moderate to late preterm, 320-366; and very preterm, <320) hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit were assessed for the study. Response to nappy change, lung ultrasound (LUS), and blood sampling was analyzed. The intensity of pain was evaluated using continuous heart rate and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) monitoring, Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), and SC concentrations. Saliva samples were collected before and 20 min after the procedure's end. RESULTS Seventy-one infants were examined: 30 term, 21 moderate to late preterm, and 20 very preterm. SC has increased significantly in response to nappy change only in very preterm newborns (2.13 ng/mL [1.55-3.68] vs. 2.84 ng/mL [1.93-9.06], p = 0.01). LUS did not affect concentrations of SC in any group. Significant increase in SC was observed after blood sampling in term and very preterm infants (2.2 ng/mL [1.45-2.92] vs. 4.29 ng/mL [3.88-5.73], p = 0.002, and 1.88 ng/mL [1.47-4.13] vs. 5.3 ng/mL [3.42-8.02], p = 0.002, respectively). A significant correlation between values of SC increase and NIPS scores was found (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient [rs] = 0.31, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We observed the increase in SC concentrations in response to painful stimulus. The presence of a correlation between NIPS scores and SC increase suggests that SC can be used as an objective parameter to assess pain in neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Olszewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Przemko Kwinta
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yin T, Liaw JJ, Tien CH, Wu HP, Chang YC, Lan HY. Effects of a tripartite intervention on biological stress in preterm infants during heel pricks for newborn screening: A randomized controlled trial. Res Nurs Health 2021; 45:34-45. [PMID: 34914128 DOI: 10.1002/nur.22204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This prospective randomized trial examined the effects of a tripartite intervention (behavioral state modulation + nonnutritive sucking + tucking) on stress from procedural pain during heel pricks. Blood samples for routine screening were collected by heel pricks 48 h after birth (Stage 1) and at ≥37 weeks' gestation (Stage 2); salivary cortisol levels (SCLs) pre-prick (T0) and 20 min post-prick (T1) assessed stress. Preterm infants (n = 64) sampled by convenience at Level III neonatal care units were randomly assigned to the control condition (usual care) or intervention condition (tripartite intervention). Generalized estimating equations examined differences in salivary cortisol between conditions. After adjusting for effects of gestational age, postmenstrual age, and baseline SCLs, (1) at Stage 1, the change in salivary cortisol from T0 to T1 in preterm infants who received the tripartite intervention was, on average, significantly lower by 0.431 units (log scale) than the change in preterm infants who received the control condition (p < 0.001); (2) in the tripartite intervention condition, the difference between the change in mean SCLs from T0 to T1 at Stages 1 and 2 was significantly lower by 0.287 units (log scale), on average than between the change at Stages 1 and 2 in the control condition (p = 0.026). The provision of a tripartite intervention during heel prick significantly decreased the raise of SCLs compared with infants receiving usual care, suggesting lower stress. Clinicians could easily implement the tripartite intervention for heel-stick support; however, replication is needed before recommending its incorporation into routine heel stick and other stressful procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ti Yin
- School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jiuan Liaw
- School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hsi Tien
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ping Wu
- Department of Nursing, Chung-Jen Junior College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Cune Chang
- Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yun Lan
- School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gunnar MR, Bowen M. What was learned from studying the effects of early institutional deprivation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 210:173272. [PMID: 34509501 PMCID: PMC8501402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of experiences in infancy on human development is a central question in developmental science. Children raised in orphanage-like institutions for their first year or so of life and then adopted into well-resourced and supportive families provide a lens on the long-term effects of early deprivation and the capacity of children to recover from this type of early adversity. While it is challenging to identify cause-and-effect relations in the study of previously institutionalized individuals, finding results that are consistent with animal experimental studies and the one randomized study of removal from institutional care support the conclusion that many of the outcomes for these children were induced by early institutional deprivation. This review examines the behavioral and neural evidence for altered executive function, declarative memory, affective disorders, reward processing, reactivity to threat, risk-taking and sensation-seeking. We then provide a brief overview of the neurobiological mechanisms that may transduce early institutional experiences into effects on brain and behavior. In addition, we discuss implications for policy and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Gunnar
- University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development, 51 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Maya Bowen
- University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development, 51 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ciurli A, Liebl M, Derks RJE, Neefjes JJC, Giera M. Spatially resolved sampling for untargeted metabolomics: A new tool for salivomics. iScience 2021; 24:102768. [PMID: 34278270 PMCID: PMC8271151 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a complex bodily fluid composed of metabolites secreted by major and minor glands, as well as by-products of host oral cells, oral bacteria, gingival crevicular fluid, and exogenous compounds. Major salivary glands include the paired parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The secreted fluids of the salivary glands vary in composition, flow rate, site of release, and clearance suggesting that different types of saliva fulfill different functions and therefore can provide unique biological information. Consequently, for the comprehension of the functionality of the salivary components, spatially resolved investigations are warranted. To understand and comprehensively map the highly heterogeneous environment of the oral cavity, advanced spatial sampling techniques for metabolomics analysis are needed. Here, we present a systematic evaluation of collection devices for spatially resolved sampling aimed at untargeted metabolomics and propose a comprehensive and reproducible collection and analysis protocol for the spatially resolved analysis of the human oral metabolome. Systematic evaluation of collection devices for untargeted metabolomics of saliva Spatially resolved sampling of saliva in the human oral cavity Enabling location-specific oral metabolomics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Ciurli
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands.,Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Maximiliam Liebl
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Rico J E Derks
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques J C Neefjes
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) has significantly increased worldwide secondary to a marked increase in the incidence of opioid use disorders (OUD) in women of childbearing age. Since first described in 1975, the Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scoring Tool (FNAST) remains the mainstay of monitoring NAS severity and its clinical management. The complexity of the tool (21 independent variables), the need for external validation, excessive subjectivity, poor inter-rater reliability, and uncertainty regarding the clinical relevance of some items has resulted in the need to develop an alternate scoring tool. A validated, simple, clinically relevant, and universally accepted approach to assessing opioid exposed neonates would facilitate high quality clinical care while assisting in the generation of generalizable data from future research studies conducted in this vulnerable population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Singh
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Tufts Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Davis
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Tufts Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02111, USA; The Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hashiguchi K, Kuriyama N, Koyama T, Matsui D, Ozaki E, Hasegawa T, Tokuda S, Niwa F, Iwasa K, Watanabe I, Teramukai S, Kitawaki J, Watanabe Y, Uehara R, Hosoi H. Validity of stress assessment using heart-rate variability in newborns. Pediatr Int 2020; 62:694-700. [PMID: 31958354 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of birth causes stress for neonates, but additional stressors for sick neonates are a matter of concern. As analysis of heart-rate variability (HRV), which reflects autonomic activity, has demonstrated that low-frequency (LF) activity reflects overall autonomic activity, high-frequency (HF) activity reflects parasympathetic activity, and the LF/HF ratio reflects sympathetic activity, HRV has been clinically applied as a non-invasive index of physical stress. In this study, we evaluated whether HRV is useful as a stress index for neonates by analyzing it in comparison with their salivary cortisol level. METHODS We measured the salivary cortisol level and HRV in 12 healthy neonates and 37 neonates born during between 2014 and 2016 and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. These examinations were performed at birth and after approximately 1 week. The changes in parameters with time were examined. RESULTS The LF and HF values in both groups exhibited significant negative correlations with the salivary cortisol level. In those admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, the LF and HF values were correlated with gestational age and height. In the healthy neonates, a reduced salivary cortisol level and increase in the LF and HF values were observed approximately 1 week after birth compared with the values at birth, whereas the LF/HF ratio was not correlated with the salivary cortisol level and did not change over time. CONCLUSIONS The LF and HF values were significantly correlated with the cortisol level, suggesting their usefulness as physiological indices of stress in clinical neonatal care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Hashiguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nagato Kuriyama
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruhide Koyama
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsui
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Etsuko Ozaki
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tokuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Niwa
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Teramukai
- Department of Biostatistics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jo Kitawaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ritei Uehara
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Hosoi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Commentary on salivary cortisol levels as a biomarker for severity of withdrawal in opioid-exposed newborns. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:982-983. [PMID: 32069476 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
10
|
Peña-Bautista C, Escrig R, Lara I, García-Blanco A, Cháfer-Pericás C, Vento M. Non-invasive monitoring of stress biomarkers in the newborn period. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 24:101002. [PMID: 30981693 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal period is a highly sensitive time span during which stressful experiences may have an influence on later health outcomes. Medical procedures applied to newborn babies during hospitalization are stressors that trigger a physiological and psychological stress response. Stress response has been traditionally evaluated using scores based on behavioural signs such as facial expressions, limb movements, crying, etc., which are subjectively interpreted. Only few studies have employed measurable physiological signs to objectively evaluate the stress response to specific interventions. The aim of this review is to inform of recently developed biochemical methods that allow clinicians to evaluate the stress response to medical procedures performed in the neonatal period in biological samples non-invasively obtained. Stress biomarkers are based on the physiological stress response mediated by the hypophysis-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adreno-medullary systems. Cortisol is at present the most widely employed laboratory determination to measure stress levels. In recent years, sequentially determined salivary cortisol levels have allowed non-invasive monitoring of newborn infants under stressful conditions in the NICU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Peña-Bautista
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Escrig
- Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - I Lara
- Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - A García-Blanco
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Cháfer-Pericás
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Vento
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hormonal and emotional responses to competition using a dyadic approach: Basal testosterone predicts emotional state after a defeat. Physiol Behav 2019; 206:106-117. [PMID: 30928410 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyzes the testosterone (T), cortisol (C) and emotional response in competitive interactions between dyads, as well as the relationship between basal T and the emotional response. Seventy-two men and women (36 dyads) participated in same-sex dyads in a face-to-face laboratory competition, and thirty-two men and women (16 dyads) carried out the same task in a non-competitive condition. Salivary samples (5 ml of saliva, plastic vials) were provided at three time points (baseline, task, and post-task), and subsequently T (pg/ml) and C (nmol/L) concentrations were measured using ELISA method. Participants completed self-reported measures of emotional valence, emotional arousal and perceived dominance by means of the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), at three time points (pre-task, task, and post-task). Two-level crossed Multilevel Models (MLM) showed a participants' stability in C (Mean ± SEM: baseline: 3.84 ± 0.28, task: 2.92 ± 0.28 and post-task: 2.62 ± 0.3), emotional valence (pre-task: 4 ± 0.06, task: 3.66 ± 0.1 and post-task: 3.84 ± 0.09), arousal (pre-task: 3.29 ± 0.09, task: 3.83 ± 0.09 and post-task: 3.38 ± 0.1) and dominance (pre-task: 3.28 ± 0.08, task: 3.4 ± 0.1 and post-task: 3.44 ± 0.09) values, which in the case of emotional valence and dominance was modulated by time-point, outcome and sex. Furthermore, analyses revealed that opponents' C, arousal and dominance values at one time-point influenced participants' values at the following time-point modulated by outcome, sex and time-point. Moreover, MLM indicated that in loser men, individuals higher in basal T (126.31 ± 6.4) displayed higher negative emotional valence after the defeat (post-task: 3.6 ± 0.21), while in women basal T (99.78 ± 12.6) was not significantly related to post competition emotional valence. These findings reinforce the importance of studying the relationship between hormonal and psychological changes in dyadic competition, and confirm that men and women differ in their psychophysiological responses to competition.
Collapse
|