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A novel PEG-mediated boric acid functionalized magnetic nanomaterials based fluorescence biosensor for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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2
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Repurposing Eltrombopag for Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111372. [PMID: 34827309 PMCID: PMC8615030 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous rise of antimicrobial resistance urgently demands new therapeutic agents for human health. Drug repurposing is an attractive strategy that could significantly save time delivering new antibiotics to clinics. We screened 182 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs to identify potential antibiotic candidates against Staphylococcus aureus, a major pathogenic bacterium. This screening revealed the significant antibacterial activity of three small molecule drugs against S. aureus: (1) LDK378 (Ceritinib), an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor for the treatment of lung cancer, (2) dronedarone HCl, an antiarrhythmic drug for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, and (3) eltrombopag, a thrombopoietin receptor agonist for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. Among these, eltrombopag showed the highest potency against not only a drug-sensitive S. aureus strain but also 55 clinical isolates including 35 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (Minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC, to inhibit 50% growth [MIC50] = 1.4–3.2 mg/L). Furthermore, we showed that eltrombopag inhibited bacterial growth in a cell infection model and reduced bacterial loads in infected mice, demonstrating its potential as a new antibiotic agent against S. aureus that can overcome current antibiotic resistance.
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Evaluation of the Antidiarrheal and Antioxidant Effects of Some Chewing Sticks Commonly Used for Oral Hygiene in Ghana. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:7270250. [PMID: 34650615 PMCID: PMC8510806 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7270250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbial etiology of diarrhea is a significant cause of death, especially in children in developing countries. The presence of microbes that are resistant to current treatment options for diarrhea suggests the need to find newer antimicrobial agents for treatment. Therefore, this study focused on investigating the antimicrobial effect of some Ghanaian chewing sticks commonly used for oral hygiene, Azadirachta indica, Garcinia afzelii, and Garcinia kola, against selected diarrhea-causing organisms. From the stem and bark of each plant, 70% methanolic extract was experimented on Salmonella and Shigella species, namely, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexeneri, Salmonella typhinirium enterica, Salmonella typhi attenuated, and Klebsiella oxytoca for microbial susceptibility using the agar well diffusion method. Additionally, the antioxidant profile of the methanolic extracts were investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS) scavenging activities, and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays, while the total polyphenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteau reagent. G. afzelii and A. indica stem demonstrated the highest antimicrobial effect, inhibiting the growth of all test organisms. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated high antioxidant potential and were found to possess significant amounts of phenolic compounds. Therefore, methanolic extracts of G. afzelii and A. indica stem are promising candidates for the identification of safe novel compounds to mitigate diarrheal diseases.
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Mergani A, Wanes D, Schecker N, Branitzki-Heinemann K, Naim HY, von Köckritz-Blickwede M. Staphylococcus aureus Infection Influences the Function of Intestinal Cells by Altering the Lipid Raft-Dependent Sorting of Sucrase-Isomaltase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:699970. [PMID: 34490251 PMCID: PMC8418112 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.699970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important nosocomial and community-acquired facultative intracellular pathogen. Many studies have reported that S. aureus infections are associated with intestinal symptoms, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms implicated in S. aureus-induced alterations of intestinal functions. In this study, we investigated the implication of lipid rafts in the interaction of S. aureus with Caco-2 cells. To assess potential alterations in the lipid raft structure and effects on the hydrolytic function, we utilized sucrase–isomaltase (SI) as the major intestinal α-glucosidase that is associated with and sorted to the apical membrane via lipid rafts. Seven days post-confluent, Caco-2 cells were infected with S. aureus Newman and further incubated for an additional 2 days. After 48 h, the levels of SI expression as well as the enzymatic function of this protein were assessed in the infected versus non-infected cells. Analysis of the sorting behavior of SI to the apical membrane constituted another crucial aspect in studying the effects of S. aureus on Caco-2 cells. For this purpose, the apical membranes or brush border membranes (BBMs; referred to as P2 fraction) were separated in both infected and non-infected cells from the basolateral and intracellular membranes (referred to as P1 fraction) by employing a cationic-based procedure using CaCl2. The data show that there is no significant change in the overall expression levels of SI in the infected versus non-infected cells as assessed by Western blotting analysis using monoclonal anti-SI antibodies. By contrast, a significant decrease in the localization as well as the specific hydrolytic activities of SI toward sucrose and isomaltose (Palatinose) was observed in the BBM (P2 fraction) in Caco-2 cells 48 h post-infection. Concomitantly, the specific SI activities increased in the basolateral membrane/intracellular fraction (P1). Noteworthy, the specific activity of SI in the BBM of infected cells was markedly reduced as compared with that of the non-infected counterparts. The data accumulated from this study strongly suggest that infections with S. aureus influence the final step in the lipid raft-associated trafficking of human SI and thereby may trigger secondary functional gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- AhmedElmontaser Mergani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Dalanda Wanes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Natalie Schecker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Katja Branitzki-Heinemann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Malkoc A, Wong DT. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus-Associated Diarrhea in a Critically Ill Burn Patient. J Med Cases 2021; 12:257-261. [PMID: 34434467 PMCID: PMC8383696 DOI: 10.14740/jmc3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Described in surgical patients after antibiotic use in the 1950s and 1960s, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) enterocolitis is a rare form of nosocomial diarrhea. However, S. aureus is not routinely tested like Clostridium difficile (C. difficile). We report a case of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) enterocolitis found on stool culture in a 22-week pregnant female with a previously negative nasal MRSA culture, and a total burn surface area greater than 60%. She also developed necrotizing MRSA pneumonia and bacteremia. After starting broad-spectrum antibiotic for the necrotizing pneumonia with subsequent acute respiratory distress syndrome, the patient exhibited large voluminous diarrhea that tested positive for MRSA and negative for C. difficile in the stool culture. Similar to other reports of high-volume diarrhea, the diarrhea resolved quickly with enteral vancomycin. S. aureus should be considered along with C. difficile during the workup of nosocomial diarrhea, especially with exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics in the critically ill patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldin Malkoc
- St. George's University School of Medicine, True Blue Rd, True Blue, Grenada.,Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, 400 N Pepper Ave, Colton, CA 92324, USA
| | - David T Wong
- Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, 400 N Pepper Ave, Colton, CA 92324, USA
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Bhattacharyya P, Bryan A, Atluri V, Ma J, Durowoju L, Bandhlish A, Boonyaratanakornkit J. Fatal infection with enterocolitis from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the continued value of culture in the era of molecular diagnostics. Leuk Res Rep 2021; 15:100254. [PMID: 34136343 PMCID: PMC8178119 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2021.100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MRSA enterocolitis is under-recognized in the setting of PCR testing. In this case report, we describe risk factors, the importance of stool culture, and the third published case of MRSA enterocolitis in a patient with leukemia. In addition, we performed a retrospective analysis of all stool cultures at our institution that have grown Staphylococcus aureus, and we describe an additional five cases. We also report the diagnostic yield of organisms detected by culture, but not on the FilmArray panel. While rare, these cases demonstrate that MRSA in stool may indicate a severe and potentially life-threatening infection, particularly in immunocompromised persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Bhattacharyya
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Andrew Bryan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Vidya Atluri
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jimmy Ma
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lindsey Durowoju
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Anshu Bandhlish
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Gururangan K, Holubar MK. A Case of Postoperative Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Enterocolitis in an 81-Year-Old Man and Review of the Literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2020; 21:e922521. [PMID: 32989210 PMCID: PMC7532527 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.922521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 81-year-old Final Diagnosis: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus enterocolitis Symptoms: Diarrhea • sepsis Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Computed tomography • echocardiography • polymerase chain reaction • whipple procedure Specialty: Gastroenterology and Hepatology • Infectious Diseases • Surgery
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Gururangan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marisa K Holubar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Eve A, Aliero AA, Nalubiri D, Adeyemo RO, Akinola SA, Pius T, Nabaasa S, Nabukeera S, Alkali B, Ntulume I. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus Seeds against Selected Diarrhoea-Causing Superbug Bacteria. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:9813970. [PMID: 32963501 PMCID: PMC7492905 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9813970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current upsurge in resistance to conventional antibiotics, as well as high cost of orthodox medical treatment, called for the use of medicinal plants as an alternative therapy. This research was aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed extracts (Jackfruit as it is locally called) in the treatment of diarrhoea. Ethanolic and hexanolic seed crude extracts of the plant were screened for antidiarrhoeal activity against bacteria isolated from clinical samples (methicillin-resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella typhimurium, and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli). Plant phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods. The antibacterial activity was carried out using the agar well diffusion method and compared to the standard antibiotics ceftriaxone and vancomycin. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the microbroth dilution method, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration was determined by plating out from microtitre plates with no visible growth. The results of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and steroids from the prepared crude extracts. The ethanolic and hexanolic extracts had activity on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus with the mean and standard error zone of inhibition that ranged from 8.5 ± 0.5 to 16.5 ± 0.25 mm; however, the extracts were found not to have activity on resistant E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The ethanolic crude extract had the lowest MIC and MBC values of 31.25 and 125 mg/ml, respectively, compared to the hexane extract which had the MIC and MBC values of 62.50 and 250 mg/ml, respectively. This provides the evidence for its usage as an alternative herbal remedy for the treatment of diarrhoea caused by susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asio Eve
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Adamu Almustapha Aliero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Doreen Nalubiri
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rasheed Omotayo Adeyemo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Saheed Adekunle Akinola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Theophilus Pius
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Saphurah Nabaasa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Susan Nabukeera
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Bashir Alkali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Ibrahim Ntulume
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
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Larcombe S, Jiang JH, Hutton ML, Abud HE, Peleg AY, Lyras D. A mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus small intestinal infection. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:290-297. [PMID: 32004137 PMCID: PMC7431102 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a recognised cause of foodborne intoxication and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD), which are both mediated by staphylococcal enterotoxins. However, unlike foodborne intoxication, AAD appears to require infection of the host. While S. aureus intoxication is widely studied, little is known about S. aureus pathogenesis in the context of gastrointestinal infection. Aim To develop a mouse model of S. aureus gastrointestinal infection. Methodology An established AAD mouse model was adapted for S. aureus infection, and damage observed via histopathological analysis and immunostaining of intestinal tissues. Results Various strains colonised the mouse model, and analysis showed that although clinical signs of disease were not seen, S. aureus infection induced damage in the small intestine, disrupting host structures essential for epithelial integrity. Studies using a staphylococcal enterotoxin B mutant showed that this toxin may contribute to damage during gastrointestinal infection. Conclusion This work presents a new mouse model of S. aureus gastrointestinal infection, while also providing insight into the pathogenesis of S. aureus in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Larcombe
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie L. Hutton
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E. Abud
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- *Correspondence: Dena Lyras,
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