1
|
Tian Y, Yu F, Zhang G, Tian C, Wang X, Chen Y, Yan H, Jia L, Zhang D, Wang Q, Gao Z. Rotavirus outbreaks in China, 1982-2021: a systematic review. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1423573. [PMID: 39175894 PMCID: PMC11338804 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1423573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus is globally recognized as an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. Whereas previous studies focused more on sporadic diarrhea, the epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus outbreaks have not been systematically understood. Methods This systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis standards, WANFANG, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched from database inception to February 20, 2022. We used SPSS 21.0 statistical software for data analysis, RStudio1.4.1717, and ArcGIS trial version for plotting bar graphs and maps. Results Among 1,596 articles, 78 were included, with 92 rotavirus outbreaks and 96,128 cases. Most outbreaks (67.39%, 62/92) occurred in winter and spring. The number of rotavirus outbreaks reported in the eastern region was more than that in the western region. Outbreaks were most commonly reported in villages (33/92, 35.87%), followed by hospitals (19, 20.65%). The outbreak duration was longer in factories and workers' living places, and villages, while it was shorter in hospitals. Waterborne transmission was the main transmission mode, with the longest duration and the largest number of cases. Rotavirus groups were identified in 66 outbreaks, with 40 outbreaks (60.61%) caused by Group B rotaviruses and 26 outbreaks (39.39%) caused by Group A rotaviruses. Significant differences were found in duration, number of cases, settings, population distribution, and transmission modes between Groups A and B rotavirus outbreaks. Conclusion Rotavirus is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in China. It should also be considered in the investigation of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks, especially norovirus-negative outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guanhua Zhang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Tian
- Department of Allergy, Children’s Hospital Affiliated with the Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Chen
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqiu Yan
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Daitao Zhang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hakim MS, Gazali FM, Widyaningsih SA, Parvez MK. Driving forces of continuing evolution of rotaviruses. World J Virol 2024; 13:93774. [PMID: 38984077 PMCID: PMC11229848 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v13.i2.93774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are non-enveloped double-stranded RNA virus that causes acute diarrheal diseases in children (< 5 years). More than 90% of the global rotavirus infection in humans was caused by Rotavirus group A. Rotavirus infection has caused more than 200000 deaths annually and predominantly occurs in the low-income countries. Rotavirus evolution is indicated by the strain dynamics or the emergence of the unprecedented strain. The major factors that drive the rotavirus evolution include the genetic shift that is caused by the reassortment mechanism, either in the intra- or the inter-genogroup. However, other factors are also known to have an impact on rotavirus evolution. This review discusses the structure and types, epidemiology, and evolution of rotaviruses. This article also reviews other supplemental factors of rotavirus evolution, such as genetic reassortment, mutation rate, glycan specificity, vaccine introduction, the host immune responses, and antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Saifudin Hakim
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GD, Netherlands
- Viral Infection Working Group, International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, London EC4R 9AN, United Kingdom
| | - Faris Muhammad Gazali
- Master Program in Biotechnology, Postgraduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Suci Ardini Widyaningsih
- Master of Medical Sciences in Clinical Investigation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Mohammad Khalid Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo Y, Chen W, Wang G, Yang H, Zhou Q, Zhang C, Zeng Y. Etiological surveillance of viral diarrhea from 2017 to 2019 in Zhangzhou city, Fujian province, China. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1403341. [PMID: 38919928 PMCID: PMC11196759 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1403341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Viral diarrhea is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children. This study aimed to conduct etiological surveillance of viral diarrhea in Zhangzhou city, Fujian province, China, from 2017 to 2019 to identify the prevalence, distribution, and characteristics of viral pathogens causing gastrointestinal infections in the region. Methods Stool samples were collected from patients with acute diarrhea in Zhangzhou city, Fujian province, China, from 2017 to 2019. Rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus were detected using fluorescence immunochromatography assay. Results Of the total 5,627 samples that were collected, at least one of the viruses (rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus) was found to be positive in 1,422 samples. Rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus, were detected in 53.73, 16.68, 15.52, and 14.97%, respectively. Mixed infections were determined in 17.65% of the positive samples. The predominant mixed infections observed were a combination of norovirus and astrovirus, followed by rotavirus and norovirus, and rotavirus and astrovirus. The highest positive rate was observed in the 12-23-month group for rotavirus and adenovirus, while a significantly higher positive rate was observed for norovirus and astrovirus in the 6-11-month group. Conclusion These findings from this etiological surveillance highlight the significant burden of viral diarrhea in Zhangzhou city, with rotavirus being the predominant pathogen. The identification of common mixed infections provides insights into the complex nature of viral diarrhea transmission. Target interventions and public health strategies should be implemented, particularly during the winter and spring seasons, to prevent and control the spread of viral pathogens causing gastrointestinal infections in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueli Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Translation Medical Testing and Application Technology, Department of Medical Technology, Zhangzhou Health Vocational College, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Weide Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhanghou, Fujian, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhanghou, Fujian, China
| | - Huicong Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhanghou, Fujian, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chunbin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Translation Medical Testing and Application Technology, Department of Medical Technology, Zhangzhou Health Vocational College, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuanjun Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Translation Medical Testing and Application Technology, Department of Medical Technology, Zhangzhou Health Vocational College, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Basharat N, Sadiq A, Dawood M, Ali S, Khan A, Ullah R, Khan H, Aziz A, Ali H, Shah AA, Ali I, Khan J. Rotavirus gastroenteritis in Pakistan, 2018: updated disease burden. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:426. [PMID: 33957883 PMCID: PMC8103586 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Rotavirus A (RVA) is a significant cause of severe diarrheal illness and one of the common causes of death in children under the age of five. This study was aimed at detecting the prevalence of RVA in Pakistan after rotavirus vaccines were introduced. Fecal samples were obtained from 813 children from different hospitals in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, from January 2018 to December 2018. To obtain additional information from the parents / guardians of the children, a standard questionnaire was used. Results Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (ELISA), rotavirus antigen was detected and ELISA positive samples were subjected to reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The findings showed 22% prevalence of RVA in children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) via ELISA and 21% prevalence via RT-PCR in children with AGE. There was no statistically significant difference between gender, age and RVA infections. The winter, spring and fall/autumn seasons were statistically significant for RVA prevalence. Conclusion The present study will provide post vaccine prevalence data for the health policy makers. The implementation of rotavirus vaccines, along with adequate nutrition for babies, clean water supply and maternal hygienic activities during infant feeding, is recommended. Furthermore, continuous surveillance is mandatory in the whole country to calculate the disease burden caused by RVA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Basharat
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Sadiq
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Dawood
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Laboratory Technology, COMWAVE Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alam Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rooh Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hayat Khan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Aziz
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Sarhad University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Ali
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jadoon Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Toxicological Characterization of Ten Medicinal Plants of the Beninese Flora Used in the Traditional Treatment of Diarrheal Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6676904. [PMID: 34007296 PMCID: PMC8102112 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6676904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is a common practice in developing countries. However, this unregulated or poorly rational use may present a dose-dependent risk of toxicity to humans. This study aimed to explore the phytochemical and toxicological characteristics of ten (10) plant species used in the traditional treatment of infectious diarrhea in Benin. The acute toxicity of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Khaya senegalensis, Daniellia oliveri, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Vernonia amygdalina, Manihot esculenta, Ocimum gratissimum, Senna italica, Diospyros mespiliformis, Pterocarpus erinaceus, and Anacardium occidentale was evaluated following the OECD 423 protocol at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg. This safety test was complemented by a larval cytotoxicity test. Hematological and biochemical examinations, as well as a histological study of the liver and kidneys, were performed. Larval cytotoxicity was assessed by the sensitivity of Artemia salina larvae to different concentrations of the plant extracts studied. Testing for chemical compounds was performed on the basis of differential staining and precipitation reactions. The mean lethal concentration (LC50) was determined by the probit method. The qualitative phytochemical screening of the plants studied revealed the presence of catechic tannins, gallic tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins and sterol-terpenes, alkaloids, saponosides, and reducing compounds. This composition varied according to the plants studied. Acute toxicity data indicated that there was no mortality and no structural and functional alterations of the liver and kidneys of treated animals. Larval cytotoxicity data suggest that the plants studied are not cytotoxic (LC50 ≥ 0.1 mg/mL). These observations reflect the safety of these plants and justify their use in traditional medicine in the treatment of many diseases including diarrheal diseases.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao L, Shi X, Meng D, Guo J, Li Y, Liang L, Guo X, Tao R, Zhang X, Gao R, Gao L, Wang J. Prevalence and genotype distribution of group A rotavirus circulating in Shanxi Province, China during 2015-2019. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:94. [PMID: 33478417 PMCID: PMC7818068 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A rotavirus (RVA), despite being a leading cause of gastroenteritis in infants and young children, is less studied in Shanxi Province, China. The current study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genetic characterization of RVA in hospitalized children younger than 10 years of age with the diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis in Shanxi Province, China. METHODS A hospital-based active surveillance of rotavirus gastroenteritis was conducted at Children's Hospital of Shanxi from Jan 1, 2015, through Dec 31, 2019. Rotavirus was detected in stool samples by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). G- and P-genotypes were determined by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and nucleotide sequencing. RESULTS A total of 961 children younger than 10 years of age was enrolled over the study period, of whom 183 (19.0%) were positive for RVA. The highest RVA-infection frequency (23.7%) was found among children aged 12-23 months, and the seasonal peak was in December. G9P[8] was most prevalent (76.0%), followed by G3P[8] (7.1%), G2P[4] (3.3%), G1P[8] (0.5%) and G9P[4] (0.5%). CONCLUSIONS These results report for the first time that RVA was one of the main causes of severe infectious gastroenteritis in children, and a high proportion of G9P[8] strains circulating in most areas of Shanxi Province. While the protective efficacy of the rotavirus vaccines has been demonstrated against G9P[8] strains, our results highlight that the dominant strains have not been effectively controlled in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Zhao
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Shi
- Department of Disease Prevention and Public Health, Children's Hospital of Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Dequan Meng
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jiane Guo
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Lirong Liang
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ruihong Gao
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jitao Wang
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sadiq A, Bostan N. Comparative Analysis of G1P[8] Rotaviruses Identified Prior to Vaccine Implementation in Pakistan With Rotarix™ and RotaTeq™ Vaccine Strains. Front Immunol 2020; 11:562282. [PMID: 33133073 PMCID: PMC7562811 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.562282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) is the leading cause of severe childhood diarrhea globally, even with all effective interventions, particularly in developing countries. Among the diverse genotypes of RVA, G1P[8] is a common genotype that has continued to pervade around the world, including Pakistan. Two universally accepted rotavirus vaccines-Rotarix™ and RotaTeq™ contain the genotype G1P[8]. The current work was aimed at identifying differences between antigenic epitopes of Pakistan’s G1P[8] strains and those of the two licensed vaccines. We sequenced 6 G1P[8] rotavirus strains previously reported in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Pakistan in 2015 and 2016 for their outer capsid genes (VP7 and VP4). Phylogenetic analysis was then conducted in order to classify their specific lineages and to detect their association with strains isolated throughout world. Compared with the Rotarix™ and RotaTeq™ vaccine strains (G1-lineage II, P[8]-lineage III), our study G1-lineage I, P[8]-lineage IV strains showed 3 and 5 variations in the VP7 epitopes, respectively, and 13 and 11 variations in the VP4 epitopes, respectively. The G1 lineage II strains showed no single amino acid change compared to Rotarix™ (lineage II), but exhibited changes at 2 positions compared to RotaTeq™ (lineage III). So, this has been proposed that these G1 strains exist in our natural setting, or that they may have been introduced in Pakistan from other countries of the world. The distinct P[8]-lineage IV (OP354-like) strains showed twelve and thirteen amino acid variations, with Rotarix™ and RotaTeq™ (lineages II and III) strains, respectively. Such findings have shown that the VP4-P[8] component of the G1P[8] strains circulating in Pakistan differs considerably from that of the vaccine viruses compared to that of the VP7-G1. To monitor the long-term effects of vaccines on the emergence of G1P[8] strains with different lineages, routine and successful monitoring of these strains will be crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Sadiq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|