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Elvir Lazo OL, White PF, Lee C, Cruz Eng H, Matin JM, Lin C, Del Cid F, Yumul R. Use of herbal medication in the perioperative period: Potential adverse drug interactions. J Clin Anesth 2024; 95:111473. [PMID: 38613937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2024.111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Use of herbal medications and supplements has experienced immense growth over the last two decades, with retail sales in the USA exceeding $13 billion in 2021. Since the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 reduced FDA oversight, these products have become less regulated. Data from 2012 shows 18% of U.S. adults used non-vitamin, non-mineral natural products. Prevalence varies regionally, with higher use in Western states. Among preoperative patients, the most commonly used herbal medications included garlic, ginseng, ginkgo, St. John's wort, and echinacea. However, 50-70% of surgical patients fail to disclose their use of herbal medications to their physicians, and most fail to discontinue them preoperatively. Since herbal medications can interact with anesthetic medications administered during surgery, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) and the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA) recommend stopping herbal medications 1-2 weeks before elective surgical procedures. Potential adverse drug effects related to preoperative use of herbal medications involve the coagulation system (e.g., increasing the risk of perioperative bleeding), the cardiovascular system (e.g., arrhythmias, hypotension, hypertension), the central nervous system (e.g., sedation, confusion, seizures), pulmonary (e.g., coughing, bronchospasm), renal (e.g., diuresis) and endocrine-metabolic (e.g., hepatic dysfunction, altered metabolism of anesthetic drugs). During the preoperative evaluation, anesthesiologists should inquire about the use of herbal medications to anticipate potential adverse drug interactions during the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F White
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; White Mountain Institute, The Sea Ranch, CA 95497, USA.
| | - Carol Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Hillenn Cruz Eng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Adena Health System, Chillicothe, OH, USA.
| | - Jenna M Matin
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Cory Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Franklin Del Cid
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
| | - Roya Yumul
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine-UCLA, Charles R, Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Gasparro R, Pucci M, Costanzo E, Urzì O, Tinnirello V, Moschetti M, Conigliaro A, Raimondo S, Corleone V, Fontana S, Alessandro R. Citral-Enriched Fraction of Lemon Essential Oil Mitigates LPS-Induced Hepatocyte Injuries. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1535. [PMID: 38132361 PMCID: PMC10740427 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Lemon essential oil (LEO) is known for its aromatic and healthy properties; however, less consideration is given to the biological properties of the fractions obtained from LEO. This study aims to evaluate the ability of a citral-enriched fraction obtained from LEO (Cfr-LEO) to counteract lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation, oxidative stress, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in healthy human hepatocytes. Human immortalized hepatocytes (THLE-2 cell line) were pretreated with Cfr-LEO and subsequently exposed to LPS at various time points. We report that the pretreatment with Cfr-LEO counteracts LPS-mediated effects by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in THLE-2. In particular, we found that pretreatment with Cfr-LEO reduced NF-κB activation and the subsequent proinflammatory cytokines release, ROS production, and NRF2 and p53 expression. Furthermore, the pretreatment with Cfr-LEO showed its beneficial effect in counteracting LPS-induced EMT. Taken together, these results support Cfr-LEO application in the nutraceutical research field not only for its organoleptic properties, conferred by citral enrichment, but also for its biological activity. Our study could lay the basis for the development of foods/drinks enriched with Cfr-LEO, aimed at preventing or alleviating chronic conditions associated with liver dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Gasparro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology, Via Divisi 83, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.G.); (M.P.); (E.C.); (O.U.); (V.T.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Marzia Pucci
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology, Via Divisi 83, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.G.); (M.P.); (E.C.); (O.U.); (V.T.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Elisa Costanzo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology, Via Divisi 83, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.G.); (M.P.); (E.C.); (O.U.); (V.T.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Ornella Urzì
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology, Via Divisi 83, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.G.); (M.P.); (E.C.); (O.U.); (V.T.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Vincenza Tinnirello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology, Via Divisi 83, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.G.); (M.P.); (E.C.); (O.U.); (V.T.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
- Agrumaria Corleone s.p.a., Via S. Corleone, 12—Zona Ind. Brancaccio, 90124 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Marta Moschetti
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology, Via Divisi 83, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.G.); (M.P.); (E.C.); (O.U.); (V.T.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Alice Conigliaro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology, Via Divisi 83, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.G.); (M.P.); (E.C.); (O.U.); (V.T.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology, Via Divisi 83, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.G.); (M.P.); (E.C.); (O.U.); (V.T.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Valeria Corleone
- Agrumaria Corleone s.p.a., Via S. Corleone, 12—Zona Ind. Brancaccio, 90124 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Simona Fontana
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology, Via Divisi 83, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.G.); (M.P.); (E.C.); (O.U.); (V.T.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology, Via Divisi 83, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.G.); (M.P.); (E.C.); (O.U.); (V.T.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (R.A.)
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Mahmoud MS, El-Kott AF, AlGwaiz HIM, Fathy SM. Protective effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract against oxidative stress, inflammation, depression, and apoptosis in a mouse model of hepatic encephalopathy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:83783-83796. [PMID: 35771324 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and anti-depression impacts of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf ethanolic extract (MOLE) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of CCl4-induced hepatic encephalopathy mouse model. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to detect marker compounds: rutin and β-sitosterol. Animals were divided into four groups: vehicle group, CCl4-treated group, MOLE-treated group, and (CCl4 + MOLE) group treated with MOLE for 14 days before CCl4-induced neurotoxicity. MOLE decreased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, corticosterone, and ammonia levels in serum and improved the antioxidant status of CCl4-treated mice in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. It reduced the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR2, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) genes and the protein levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. MOLE also attenuated apoptosis, as revealed by the reduced expression of caspase3, and prevented histological deterioration. Furthermore, MOLE attenuated CCl4-induced anxiety and depression-like behavioral changes. Collectively, MOLE modulates neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, TLR4/2-MyD88/NF-κB signaling, and apoptosis in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of the hepatic encephalopathy experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Mahmoud
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt.
| | - Attalla F El-Kott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Hussah I M AlGwaiz
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, 11474, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samah M Fathy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
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The Potential of Lamiaceae Herbs for Mitigation of Overweight, Obesity, and Fatty Liver: Studies and Perspectives. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27155043. [PMID: 35956991 PMCID: PMC9370348 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous plants, plant extracts, and plant-derived compounds are being explored for their beneficial effects against overweight and liver diseases. Obesity is associated with the increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), becoming the most common liver disease in Western countries. Obesity and NAFLD are closely associated with many other metabolic alternations such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Many herbs of the Lamiaceae family are widely employed as food and spices in the Mediterranean area, but also in folk medicine, and their use for the management of metabolic disorders is well documented. Hereby, we summarized the scientific results of the medicinal and nutraceutical potential of plants from the Lamiaceae family for prevention and mitigation of overweight and fatty liver. The evidence indicates that Lamiaceae plants may be a cost-effective source of nutraceuticals and/or phytochemicals to be used in the management of metabolic-related conditions such as obesity and NAFLD. PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and SciFinder were accessed to collect data on traditional medicinal plants, compounds derived from plants, their reported anti-obesity mechanisms, and therapeutic targets.
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Yu S, Long Y, Li D, Shi A, Deng J, Ma Y, Wen J, Li X, Zhang Y, Liu S, Wan J, Li N, Guo J. Natural essential oils efficacious in internal organs fibrosis treatment: mechanisms of action and application perspectives. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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D-Carvone Attenuates CCl 4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and TGF-ß 1/SMAD3 Signaling Pathway. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050739. [PMID: 35625467 PMCID: PMC9138456 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
D-carvone is a natural monoterpene found in abundance in the essential oil of aromatic medicinal plants with a wide range of pharmacological values. However, the impact of D-carvone on liver fibrosis remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-fibrotic potential of D-carvone in a rat model of liver fibrosis and to clarify the possible underlying mechanisms. Liver fibrosis was induced in rats by carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 (2.5 mL/kg, interperitoneally every 72 h for 8 weeks). Oral treatment of rats with D-carvone (50 mg/kg, daily) started on the 3rd week of CCl4 administration. D-carvone significantly enhanced liver functions (ALT, AST), oxidant/antioxidant status (MDA, SOD, GSH, total antioxidant capacity; TAC), as well as histopathological changes. Moreover, D-carvone effectively attenuated the progression of liver fibrosis, evident by the decreased collagen deposition and fibrosis score by Masson trichrome staining (MT) and α-SMA protein expression. Moreover, D-carvone administration resulted in a significant downregulation of the pro-fibrogenic markers TGF-β1 and SMAD3 and upregulation of MMP9. These findings reveal the anti-fibrotic effect of D-carvone and suggest regulation of the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway, together with the antioxidant activity as a mechanistic cassette, underlines this effect. Therefore, D-carvone could be a viable candidate for inhibiting liver fibrosis and other oxidative stress-related hepatic diseases. Clinical studies to support our hypothesis are warranted.
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Liu Z, Xiang H, Xiang D, Xiao S, Xiang H, Xiao J, Ren H, Hu P, Liu H, Peng M. Revealing potential anti-fibrotic mechanism of Ganxianfang formula based on RNA sequence. Chin Med 2022; 17:23. [PMID: 35180857 PMCID: PMC8855591 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ganxianfang (GXF) formula as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is used for liver fibrosis in clinical practice while its mechanism is unclear. The aim of this study is to explore the molecular mechanism of GXF against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis rats. Methods Detected the main compounds of GXF by UPLC-MS/MS. Evaluated the efficacy of GXF (1.58, 3.15, 4.73 g/kg/day) and Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY, positive control, 0.47 g/kg/day) through serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and histopathological changes. Explored the underlying mechanisms by integrating our total liver RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data with recent liver single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies. Verified potential pharmacodynamic substances of GXF by hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-T6 line. Results Main compounds were identified in GXF by UPLC-MS/MS, including baicalin, wogonoside and matrine etc. With GXF-high dose treatment, the elevation of ALT and AST induced by CCl4 were significantly reduced, and the protective effect of GXF-high dose treatment was better than FZHY. Liver histopathological changes were alleviated by GXF-high dose treatment, the ISHAK scoring showed the incidence of liver cirrhosis (F5/F6) decreased from 76.5 to 55.6%. The results of liver hydroxyproline content were consistent with the histopathological changes. RNA-seq analysis revealed the differential genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in ECM-receptor interaction and chemokine signaling pathway. GXF effectively inhibited collagen deposition and significantly downregulated CCL2 to inhibit the recruitment of macrophages in liver tissue. Integrating scRNA-seq data revealed that GXF effectively inhibited the expansion of scar-associated Trem2+CD9+ macrophages subpopulation and PDGFRα+PDGFRβ+ scar-producing myofibroblasts in the damaged liver, and remodeled the fibrotic niche via regulation of ligand-receptor interactions including TGFβ/EGFR, PDGFB/PDGFRα, and TNFSF12/TNFRSF12a signaling. In vitro experiments demonstrated that baicalin, matrine and hesperidin in GXF inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Conclusions This study clarified the potential anti-fibrotic effects and molecular mechanism of GXF in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis rats, which deserves further promotion and application. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-022-00579-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Huanyu Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Dejuan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Shuang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Hongyan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Huabao Liu
- Department of Liver Diseases, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021, China.
| | - Mingli Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Stephen Robert J, Peddha MS, Srivastava AK. Effect of Silymarin and Quercetin in a Miniaturized Scaffold in Wistar Rats against Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20735-20745. [PMID: 34423182 PMCID: PMC8374897 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin and quercetin (SQ) are known antioxidants with substantial free radical scavenging activities. The efficacy of SQ activity is restricted due to poor absorption and availability. This study aims to increase the hepatoprotective activity of SQ by a newer delivery technique. We have optimized a technique, miniaturized scaffold (MS), for the delivery of active compounds of SQ. SQ molecules were embedded in MS and characterized by morphology, particle size, miniaturization efficiency, and functional group. Further, the hepatoprotective effects of MSQ were investigated through in vitro and in vivo methods. Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and subsequently, hepatotoxic rats were treated with the miniaturized scaffold of SQ (MSQ) for 8 weeks. The body weight were significantly high in groups fed with MSQ. A substantial decrease in triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities were observed in rats treated with MSQ. Similarly, rats treated with MSQ exhibited lower lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes. The experiments clearly demonstrated the efficacy of MSQ as a superior hepatoprotective agent against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease simulated through toxicity induced by CCl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisheela
Marry Stephen Robert
- Department
of Food Safety and Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 020, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Muthukumar Serva Peddha
- Department
of Biochemistry, CSIR- Central Food Technological
Research Institute, Mysuru, 570 020 Karnataka, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Alok Kumar Srivastava
- Department
of Food Safety and Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 020, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- .
Phone: 91-821-2514972. Fax: 91-821-2517233
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Amra K, Momin M, Desai N, Khan F. Therapeutic benefits of natural oils along with permeation enhancing activity. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:484-507. [PMID: 34310695 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system with a multifunctional purpose to protect the body from heat and microbes, regulate body temperature, and act as a sensory organ. A topical dosage form applied on the skin will have to cross the stratum corneum, which would then allow the dosage form to traverse the subsequent layers of the skin. The drug with poor solubility and short half-life would serve as an ideal candidate for its delivery via the transdermal route. This review reports the role of natural oils in enhancing the permeation of drugs through skin as they possess different features like natural origin, favorable penetration enhancement, and partitioning action in the skin. Chemical penetration enhancers have been used widely but are associated with toxicities. Thus, more research should be channelized in the area of extraction of oils from natural sources, along with their active constituents, which can serve as therapeutic alternatives to various disorders and diseases. Natural oils are obtained from leaves, fruits, flowers, seeds, bark, and roots, which have a therapeutic potential as well as penetration enhancing activity. The demerits of oral drug delivery include degradation of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract, addition of taste masking, and coating of tablets, which can be overcome by delivering the drug via the transdermal route. Natural oil contains lipids, flavonoids, and terpenes, which play a significant role in anti-inflammatory and penetration enhancing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesrin Amra
- Cipla Ltd, LBS Marg, Vikhroli West, Mumbai, India
| | - Munira Momin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Neha Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Fateh Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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Tafrihi M, Imran M, Tufail T, Gondal TA, Caruso G, Sharma S, Sharma R, Atanassova M, Atanassov L, Valere Tsouh Fokou P, Pezzani R. The Wonderful Activities of the Genus Mentha: Not Only Antioxidant Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:1118. [PMID: 33672486 PMCID: PMC7923432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants and their derived compounds have drawn the attention of researchers due to their considerable impact on human health. Among medicinal plants, mint (Mentha species) exhibits multiple health beneficial properties, such as prevention from cancer development and anti-obesity, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and cardioprotective effects, as a result of its antioxidant potential, combined with low toxicity and high efficacy. Mentha species are widely used in savory dishes, food, beverages, and confectionary products. Phytochemicals derived from mint also showed anticancer activity against different types of human cancers such as cervix, lung, breast and many others. Mint essential oils show a great cytotoxicity potential, by modulating MAPK and PI3k/Akt pathways; they also induce apoptosis, suppress invasion and migration potential of cancer cells lines along with cell cycle arrest, upregulation of Bax and p53 genes, modulation of TNF, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-8, and induction of senescence phenotype. Essential oils from mint have also been found to exert antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and many others. The current review highlights the antimicrobial role of mint-derived compounds and essential oils with a special emphasis on anticancer activities, clinical data and adverse effects displayed by such versatile plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Tafrihi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 4741695447, Iran;
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (M.I.); (T.T.)
| | - Tabussam Tufail
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (M.I.); (T.T.)
| | | | - Gianluca Caruso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - Somesh Sharma
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India; (S.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India; (S.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Maria Atanassova
- Scientific Consulting, Chemical Engineering, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 1734 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubomir Atanassov
- Saint Petersburg University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda BP 39, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé, NgoaEkelle, Annex Fac. Sci., Yaounde 812, Cameroon
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- Phytotherapy LAB (PhT-LAB), Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padova, Italy
- AIROB, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca Oncologica di Base, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cell Conditioned Medium (hMSC-CM) Improves Antioxidant Status in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Oxidative Damage in Rat. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TRANSACTIONS A: SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-020-00944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Leherbauer I, Stappen I. Selected essential oils and their mechanisms for therapeutic use against public health disorders. An overview. Z NATURFORSCH C 2020; 75:205-223. [PMID: 32623381 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2020-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Today, the numbers of people suffering from lifestyle diseases like diabetes, obesity, allergies and depression increases mainly in industrialised states. That does not only lower patients' quality of life but also severely stresses the health care systems of these countries. Essential oils (EO) have been in use as therapeutic remedies for centuries against various complaints, but still their effectiveness is being underestimated. In the last decades, a great number of controlled studies have supported efficacy of these volatile secondary plant metabolites for various therapeutic indications. Besides others, EO has antidepressant, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antifirogenic and antiallergic effects. In this review the pharmacological mechanisms for selected EO are summarised and discussed with the main attention on their impact against public health disorders. Additionally, toxicity of these oils as well as possible drug interactions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Leherbauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Stappen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Taamalli A, Feriani A, Lozano-Sanchez J, Ghazouani L, El Mufti A, Allagui MS, Segura-Carretero A, Mhamdi R, Arráez-Roman D. Potential Hepatoprotective Activity of Super Critical Carbon Dioxide Olive Leaf Extracts against CCl 4-Induced Liver Damage. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060804. [PMID: 32570798 PMCID: PMC7353501 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Virgin olive oil has demonstrated its effective activity against oxidative stress. However, data on the bioactive effect of olive leaves or their major constituents on the liver are scarce. The present research work was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extracts from fresh and dried olive leaves on hepatotoxicity caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rat models. For this purpose, healthy albino rats of 180–250 g weight were used. The assessment of biochemical markers was carried out on blood and liver tissue. Then, a histopathological study was carried out on liver tissue. The obtained results showed that fresh and dried olive leaf extracts ameliorate the perturbed biochemical parameters caused by CCl4 treatment. Furthermore, the results registered for the histopathological study are in accordance with the biochemical parameters and the protective capacity of SC-CO2 extracts against DNA damage, indicating that olive leaf extracts helped to improve liver fibrosis caused by CCl4 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Taamalli
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, P.O. Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia;
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Olivier, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria, B.P.901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia;
| | - Anouar Feriani
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia; (A.F.); (L.G.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Jesús Lozano-Sanchez
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, Edificio BioRegión, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.S.-C.); (D.A.-R.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Lakhdar Ghazouani
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia; (A.F.); (L.G.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Afoua El Mufti
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia; (A.F.); (L.G.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Mohamed Salah Allagui
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia;
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, Edificio BioRegión, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.S.-C.); (D.A.-R.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ridha Mhamdi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Olivier, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria, B.P.901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia;
| | - David Arráez-Roman
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, Edificio BioRegión, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.S.-C.); (D.A.-R.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Liu Q, Liu Q, Lei X, Cao Z, Zhang J, Kuang T, Liu G, Fang Y, Qian K, Fu J, Du H, Yan L, Xiao Z, Li C, Xu X. Protective effect of oil from Cornus wilsoniana fruits against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. Food Nutr Res 2020. [DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v64.4205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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15
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Zygophyllum album leaves extract prevented hepatic fibrosis in rats, by reducing liver injury and suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathways. Exploring of bioactive compounds using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1735-1750. [PMID: 32206981 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zygophyllum album is traditionally used against many illnesses, such as liver disease. The present study investigated the bioactive compounds in methanol extract of Z. album (MEZA) using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and explored its possible antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and hepatoprotective effect. Twelve phenolic compounds were identified; isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside being the main one was the main composite (144.6 mg/100 g dm). Results showed that MEZA reduced significantly the biochemical markers (AST, ALT, LDH and ALP), and the hepatic oxidative stress indicators (MDA, PC, SOD, CAT, and GPx) in deltamethrin (DLM)-treated rats. Moreover, MEZA limited the inflammatory responses through downregulation of NF-κB gene, which suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Furthermore, Z. album reduced DLM-induced apoptosis by attenuating caspase 3 and p53 mRNA activation. MEZA treatment also alleviated upregulation of α-SMA, type I collagen, and TGF-β1 mRNA in the liver. The possible antifibrotic effect of MEZA was clearly demonstrated by the histopathology examination, using Masson's Trichrome and Sirius Red stainings. Therefore, the current study suggested that the bioactive compounds of Z. album possessed antifibrotic effect against DLM-induced hepatic fibrosis, by protecting liver tissue, and inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathways.
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Abdel-Rahman RF, El Awdan SA, Hegazy RR, Mansour DF, Ogaly HA, Abdelbaset M. Neuroprotective effect of Crocus sativus against cerebral ischemia in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:427-439. [PMID: 31728890 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the neuroprotective effect of Crocus sativus (saffron) against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) in rats. Four groups of a total forty I/R rats with 60-min occlusion followed by 48 h reperfusion or sham surgery were used. The sham and left-brain I/R control groups where treated with normal saline. The rats of the other two groups received saffron extract (100 or 200 mg/kg, ip, respectively) for 3 successive weeks prior to left-brain I/R. Other four doses of saffron extract were received by the rats of the last 2 groups 60 min prior to operation, during the surgery, and on days 1 and 2 following reperfusion. I/R group showed marked neurobehavioral, neurochemical and histopathological alterations. The results revealed a significant reduction in neurological deficit scores in the saffron-treated rats at both doses. Saffron significantly attenuated lipid peroxidation, decreased NO and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) contents in I/R-brain tissue. On the other hand, saffron reversed the depletion of GSH in the injured brain. Moreover, saffron treatment evidently reduced apoptosis as revealed by a decrease in caspase-3 and Bax protein expression with a marked decrease in the apoptotic neuronal cells compared to I/R group. In addition, saffron administration effectively upregulated the expression of VEGF in I/R-brain tissue. In conclusion, saffron treatment offers significant neuroprotection against I/R damage possibly through diminishing oxidative stress and apoptosis and enhancement of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rehab R Hegazy
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dina F Mansour
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - H A Ogaly
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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17
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Lei X, Liu Q, Liu Q, Cao Z, Zhang J, Kuang T, Fang Y, Liu G, Qian K, Fu J, Du H, Liu Z, Xiao Z, Li C, Xu X. Camellia oil (Camellia oleifera Abel.) attenuates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis via suppressing hepatocyte apoptosis in mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:4582-4590. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common part of the pathological development of many chronic liver diseases.
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Chang CT, Soo WN, Chen YH, Shyur LF. Essential Oil of Mentha aquatica var. Kenting Water Mint Suppresses Two-Stage Skin Carcinogenesis Accelerated by BRAF Inhibitor Vemurafenib. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122344. [PMID: 31242703 PMCID: PMC6630265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The v-raf murine sarcoma viral homolog B1 (BRAF) inhibitor drug vemurafenib (PLX4032) is used to treat melanoma; however, epidemiological evidence reveals that it could cause cutaneous keratoacanthomas and squamous cell carcinoma in cancer patients with the most prevalent HRASQ61L mutation. In a two-stage skin carcinogenesis mouse model, the skin papillomas induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (DT) resemble the lesions in BRAF inhibitor-treated patients. In this study, we investigated the bioactivity of Mentha aquatica var. Kenting Water Mint essential oil (KWM-EO) against PDV cells, mouse keratinocytes bearing HRASQ61L mutation, and its effect on inhibiting papilloma formation in a two-stage skin carcinogenesis mouse model with or without PLX4032 co-treatment. Our results revealed that KWM-EO effectively attenuated cell viability, colony formation, and the invasive and migratory abilities of PDV cells. Induction of G2/M cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in PDV cells was also observed. KWM-EO treatment significantly decreased the formation of cutaneous papilloma further induced by PLX4032 in DT mice (DTP). Immunohistochemistry analyses showed overexpression of keratin14 and COX-2 in DT and DTP skin were profoundly suppressed by KWM-EO treatment. This study demonstrates that KWM-EO has chemopreventive effects against PLX4032-induced cutaneous side-effects in a DMBA/TPA-induced two-stage carcinogenesis model and will be worth further exploration for possible application in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ting Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ni Soo
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taichung 515, Taiwan
| | - Lie-Fen Shyur
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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19
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Zhao ZB, Ji K, Shen XY, Zhang WW, Wang R, Xu WP, Wei W. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate promotes hepatic fibrosis by regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation responses in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 68:109-119. [PMID: 30884453 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an environmental pollutant that is widely used in medical and consumer products. An epidemiological study has suggested that a large daily intake of DEHP from phthalate-contaminated food may be a risk factor for liver dysfunction. Long-term exposure to DEHP is associated with liver disease and exacerbates the progression of chronic liver injury. However, the effect of DEHP on hepatic fibrosis is rarely studied. In the present study, we sought to determine the effect of DEHP on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis, and to further examine the molecular mechanisms. We found that DEHP exposure remarkably promoted liver inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis, and increased expression of the protein associated with liver inflammation and fibrogenesis, including α-SMA, COL-Ⅰ, COL-Ⅲ, TGF-β1, P-Smad2, P-Smad3, P-p38 and P-p65. The similar trend was observed in the LX-2 cells. Furthermore, DEHP exposure induced oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production. Taken together, DEHP might play a fibrotic role in hepatic fibrosis rats and TGF-β1-stimulated LX-2 cells in vitro which was related to TGF-β1/Smad and p38MAPK/NF-κB signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Biao Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ke Ji
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xin-Yue Shen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei-Ping Xu
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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