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The Regulatory Effects of MicroRNAs on Tumor Immunity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2121993. [PMID: 35909469 PMCID: PMC9329000 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2121993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are endogenous noncoding small RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate the expressions of their target genes. Accumulating research shows that miRNAs are crucial regulators of immune cell growth and antitumor immune response. Studies on miRNAs and tumors primarily focus on the tumor itself. At the same time, relatively few studies on the indirect regulatory effects of miRNAs in the development of tumors are achieved by affecting the immune system of tumor hosts and altering their immune responses. This review discusses the influence of miRNAs on the antitumor immune system.
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Zhou B, Lu Y, Zhao Z, Shi T, Wu H, Chen W, Zhang L, Zhang X. B7-H4 expression is upregulated by PKCδ activation and contributes to PKCδ-induced cell motility in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:147. [PMID: 35410218 PMCID: PMC8996430 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction B7-H4 is overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) and plays an important role in tumor growth and immunosuppression. However, the exact mechanism that regulates B7-H4 expression remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) regulates the expression of B7-H4 in CRC. Methods By using immunohistochemical (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining, we analyzed the expression of B7-H4 and phospho-PKCδ (p-PKCδ) in 225 colorectal tumor samples and determined the clinical significance of the expression patterns. In vitro experiments were performed with the CRC cell lines HCT116 and SW620 to detect the effect of PKCδ activation on B7-H4 expression, and xenograft-bearing mice were treated with rottlerin to monitor the expression of B7-H4 and tumor metastasis. Results The B7-H4 expression level was significantly correlated with the p-PKCδ level (r = 0.378, P < 0.001) in tumor tissues. Coexpression of p-PKCδ and B7-H4 was significantly associated with moderate/poor differentiation (P = 0.024), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001) and advanced Dukes’ stage (P = 0.002). Western blot analysis showed that Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate (TPA) increased B7-H4 expression in a concentration-dependent manner and that rottlerin abrogated the TPA-induced increase in B7-H4 expression. The protein levels of B7-H4 and p-STAT3 were significantly reduced by a PKCδ-specific siRNA. Moreover, the STAT3 inhibitor cryptotanshinone significantly decreased the B7-H4 protein level in CRC cells. Knockdown of B7-H4 or PKCδ suppressed cell migration and motility. Rottlerin also inhibited B7-H4 expression and tumor metastasis in vivo. Conclusion The B7-H4 expression level is significantly correlated with the p-PKCδ level and tumor metastasis in CRC samples. B7-H4 expression is upregulated by STAT3 activation via PKCδ and plays roles in PKCδ-induced cancer cell motility and metastasis, suggesting that the PKCδ/STAT3/B7-H4 axis may be a potential therapeutic target for CRC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02567-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youwei Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongguo Shi
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongya Wu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weichang Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Circulating Tissue Polypeptide-Specific Antigen in Pre-Diagnostic Pancreatic Cancer Samples. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215321. [PMID: 34771485 PMCID: PMC8582400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Detecting cancer early significantly increases the chances of successful (surgical) treatment. Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancer forms, since it is usually discovered at a late and already spread stage. Finding biomarkers showing pancreatic cancer at an early stage is a possible approach to early detection and improved treatment. The aim of our study was to assess the potential of tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) as a biomarker for early pancreatic cancer detection. We studied TPS levels in blood plasma samples from a population-based biobank in Västerbotten, Sweden that were collected before individuals were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Although TPS levels are raised at diagnosis, this occurs late, and thus TPS does not seem to hold promise as an early detection marker for pancreatic cancer. Abstract Early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is challenging, and late diagnosis partly explains the low 5-year survival. Novel and sensitive biomarkers are needed to enable early PDAC detection and improve patient outcomes. Tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) has been studied as a biomarker in PDAC diagnostics, and it has previously been shown to reflect clinical status better than the ‘golden standard’ biomarker carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) that is most widely used in the clinical setting. In this cross-sectional case-control study using pre-diagnostic plasma samples, we aim to evaluate the potential of TPS as a biomarker for early PDAC detection. Furthermore, in a subset of individuals with multiple samples available at different time points before diagnosis, a longitudinal analysis was used. We assessed plasma TPS levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 267 pre-diagnostic PDAC plasma samples taken up to 18.8 years before clinical PDAC diagnosis and in 320 matched healthy controls. TPS levels were also assessed in 25 samples at PDAC diagnosis. Circulating TPS levels were low both in pre-diagnostic samples of future PDAC patients and in healthy controls, whereas TPS levels at PDAC diagnosis were significantly increased (odds ratio 1.03; 95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.05) in a logistic regression model adjusted for age. In conclusion, TPS levels increase late in PDAC progression and hold no potential as a biomarker for early detection.
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Pietrzyk Ł, Korolczuk A, Matysek M, Arciszewski MB, Torres K. Clinical Value of Detecting Tumor Endothelial Marker 8 (ANTXR1) as a Biomarker in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:3113-3122. [PMID: 33859497 PMCID: PMC8043785 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s298165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the continuous improvements in prevention and detection of colorectal cancer (CRC), there is an urgent need to find a sensitive, specific, and noninvasive biomarker to improve the early diagnosis and prognosis of CRC. We aimed to evaluate the tissue TEM8 expression and the serum TEM8 concentration in CRC patients. Methods The study enrolled 42 CRC patients and 35 controls. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess the TEM8 tissue expression, whereas the serum TEM8 concentration was evaluated with the ELISA assay. Results The expression of TEM8 observed in all primary colorectal tumor samples was significantly correlated with the TNM stages and the presence of lymphovascular invasion. The serum TEM8 concentration was significantly higher in CRC patients than in the controls. The TEM8 level was strongly associated with the TNM stage, depth of invasion, and lymph node and distant metastasis. Patients with a high serum TEM8 concentration had a worse overall survival (OS) rate than CRC patients with a low serum TEM8 level. Conclusion TEM8 may serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis of CRC and it has value in predicting the prognosis of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Pietrzyk
- Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.,Department of General, Oncological and Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1st Military Clinical Hospital with the Outpatient Clinic in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korolczuk
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Matysek
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin B Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Torres
- Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Serum Levels of BDNF in Patients with Adenoma and Colorectal Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:8867368. [PMID: 33628340 PMCID: PMC7895608 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8867368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study is aimed at examining the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and investigating its role in differential diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials and Methods. In a Chinese population, we conducted a case-control study to compare the diagnostic performance of serum levels of BDNF and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for CRC. We enrolled 61 healthy controls, 31 patients with adenomas, and 81 patients with CRC. We explored the correlation between serum levels of BDNF and several pathological features, such as tumor differentiation and TNM staging. Results. The serum levels of BDNF were significantly (p < 0.0001) higher in patients with CRC (10.64 ± 3.84, n = 81) than in the healthy controls (4.69 ± 1.69 ng/mL, n = 61). Serum BDNF also correlated with tumor size, tumor differentiation, and TNM staging (p < 0.05). For early diagnosis, the combination of BDNF (AUC 0.719; 95% CI, 0.621–0.816) and CEA (AUC 0.733; 95% CI, 0.632–0.909) slightly improved the diagnostic performance for CRC (AUC 0.823; 95% CI, 0.737-0.909). Conclusions. Combined detection of serum BDNF and CEA may thus have the potential to become a new laboratory method for the early clinical diagnosis of CRC.
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Fouda MS, Aljarwani RM, Aboul-Enein K, Omran MM. Diagnostic performances of leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein 1 and stem cell factor for diagnosis and follow-up of colorectal cancer. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:17. [PMID: 33492603 PMCID: PMC7835270 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed tumors worldwide with high mortality and morbidity. There is an urgent need for biomarkers to improve the outcomes and early detection of CRC. The sensitivity of traditional CRC tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9)) is not ideal. The levels of leucine-rich-alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) and stem cell factor (SCF) were evaluated, but the combined value of both markers is unclear. This case-control study included four groups: CRC patients before treatments (n = 22), CRC patients after treatments (n = 26), 20 patients with benign tumor, and 20 healthy subjects. Levels of routine biochemical and hematological markers, traditional tumor markers (CA19.9 and CEA), and candidate markers (LRG1 and SCF) were determined. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis and area receiver-operating characteristic analysis (ROC) were used for evaluation the diagnostic performances of single and combined markers. RESULTS No significance difference in traditional tumor markers CEA, CA 19.9, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were found among study groups. SCF, LRG1, and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in non-treated CRC patients than after treated CRC. The combination between SCF and LRG1 showed highly significant difference in CRC patients compared with benign, healthy subjects, and among CRC groups (treated and non-treated) (p < 0.0001). The highest areas under curve (AUCs) were observed when LRG1 was used as a single predictor for discriminating CRC from healthy (0.87), benign (0.84), and non-treated CRC vs treated CRC (0.82). AUCs were jumped to 0.90, 0.84, and 0.84 when LRG1 and SCF were combined. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that LRG1 and SCF were potential diagnostic and follow-up markers for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar S Fouda
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Rokaia M Aljarwani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Khaled Aboul-Enein
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Omran
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
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Li C, Zhan Y, Ma X, Fang H, Gai X. B7-H4 facilitates proliferation and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma cell through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:79-86. [PMID: 31664539 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-019-00590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
B7-H4 is over-expressed in various tumors and may affect many aspects of cancer biology. Our previous studies have reported that the over-expressed B7-H4 in serum or tumor tissue of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients was closely related to CRC progression. However, B7-H4 in cell biological characteristics of CRC is not well studied. Here, we investigate the effect of the B7-H4 on cell proliferation, migration and its expression regulated by PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in CRC. Firstly, pSilencer 4.1-B7-H4-shRNA vector was constructed and stable transfection was performed on HT-29 cells. Secondly, cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell apoptosis and cell migration were evaluated after B7-H4 silencing, and the expression of Bcl-2, caspase-3, MMP-2 and MMP-9 was also measured. Finally, the regulation of B7-H4 by PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was measured followed by treatment with or without PI3K/Akt and mTOR inhibitor. The results showed that the viability of HT-29 cells was significantly decreased after B7-H4 silencing (P < 0.05). B7-H4 silencing significantly increased the apoptosis rate and caspase-3 protein expression while decreased Bcl-2 protein expression (P all < 0.05). B7-H4 silencing also significantly reduced the migration of HT-29 cells (P < 0.01) and the secretion of MMP-2 or MMP-9 (P all < 0.05). Following treatment with PI3K/Akt and mTOR inhibitor in HT-29 cells, the expression of B7-H4 was significantly downregulated compared with untreated group (P all < 0.05). Our results strongly suggest that B7-H4 may be involved in cell proliferation and migration by PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, blocking B7-H4 signaling might be a novel treatment strategy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Department of Pathology, Beihua University Faculty of Medicine, No. 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudong Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Beihua University Faculty of Medicine, No. 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Jingmen No. 1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, 448000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuzhe Ma
- Department of Pathology, Beihua University Faculty of Medicine, No. 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Pathology, Beihua University Faculty of Medicine, No. 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Gai
- Department of Pathology, Beihua University Faculty of Medicine, No. 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Cao H, Wang Q, Gao Z, Xu X, Lu Q, Wu Y. Clinical value of detecting IQGAP3, B7-H4 and cyclooxygenase-2 in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:163. [PMID: 31223291 PMCID: PMC6570966 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The IQ-motif-containing GTPase-activating protein (IQGAP) family comprises three members, IQGAP1, IQGAP2 and IQGAP3. IQGAP3 is the latest addition to the family. This study mainly investigated the novel marker IQGAP3 at serum and tumor tissue levels compared with the markers B7-H4 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and in healthy individuals, aiming to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of IQGAP3 for CRC. Materials and methods Serum samples were collected prior to any therapy in 118 CRC patients and as part of a routine examination in 85 healthy individuals. Serum IQGAP3, B7-H4 and COX-2 levels were measured using commercially available ELISA kits. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the IQGAP3, B7-H4 and COX-2 in tumor tissues and normal para-carcinoma tissues. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate and compare the diagnostic value of different serum tumor markers. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the prognostic risk factors for CRC. Results IQGAP3, B7-H4 and COX-2 showed low or high expression in tumor tissues while no expression in normal para-carcinoma tissues. Serum levels of IQGAP3 in CRC group were significantly higher than those in healthy control group (P < 0.001). The IQGAP3 AUC was 0.799, while the B7-H4 AUC was 0.795 and the COX-2 AUC was 0.796. IQGAP3 seemed to be superior to B7-H4 and COX-2 in detecting CRC, with the highest sensitivity among the three markers. Multivariate analysis showed that T stage, N stage, differentiation degree, TNM stage and both serum and tissue IQGAP3, B7-H4 and COX-2 levels were significant prognostic factors for CRC. Conclusions IQGAP3 has a better diagnostic efficacy than B7-H4 and COX-2 in detecting CRC and it has value in predicting the prognosis of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihua Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhenyan Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Qicheng Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Yugang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
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