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Zhao JJ, Zhao B, Bai X, Zhang S, Xu R. Aucubin promotes activation of AMPK and alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:801-809. [PMID: 37608231 PMCID: PMC10746661 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current investigation, we explored the benefits of aucubin against rodent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damages in brains and elucidated the role of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in its neuroprotective action. I/R model of brain was established in male three-month-old rats through 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by two days of reperfusion. Aucubin boosted phosphorylation of AMPKα in ipsilateral cortex of injured rats. Then, rats were exposed to cerebral I/R damage and received treatment of aucubin and compound C (a well-known AMPK inhibitor). It was found that aucubin administration improved neurological symptom score, decreased infarct volume, and mitigated cerebral edema in injured rats. Aucubin administration upregulated Nrf2 expression and abated oxidative stress in ipsilateral cortex of injured rats. Aucubin administration reduced levels of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, suppressed microglial activation and neutrophil infiltration, and promoted M2 polarization in injured rats. More importantly, compound C abolished the neuroprotective, anti-oxidant and inflammation-modulating effects of aucubin in injured rats, at least in part. Therefore, we concluded that activation of AMPK by aucubin alleviated I/R injury in brain through abating oxidative stress and suppressing inflammation, identifying a potential candidate for those patients of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The 305 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Bai
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Medical Centre of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The 305 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Neurology, The 305 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
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Fan R, Liu Y, Bin Y, Huang J, Yi B, Tang X, Li Y, Cai Y, Yang Z, Yang M, Song J, Pan Q, Liu Z, Ghani MI, Hu X, Chen X. Identification of Colletotrichum aenigma as the new causal agent of leaf blight disease on Aucuba japonica Thunb., and screenings of effective fungicides for its sustainable management. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1222844. [PMID: 37692385 PMCID: PMC10483284 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1222844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aucuba japonica Thunb is an evergreen woody ornamental plant with significant economic and ecological values. It also produces aucubin, showing a variety of biological activities. It is widely planted in the southwest region of China, including karst landscape areas in Guizhou Province. In January 2022, a serious leaf blight disease was observed on the leaves of A. japonica in the outdoor gardens of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China. The causal agent was identified as Colletotrichum aenigma through amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation of the chitin synthase (CHS) and actin (ACT) genes, and morphological characterizations. Koch's postulates were confirmed by its pathogenicity on healthy leaves, including re-isolation and identification. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. aenigma causing leaf blight on A. japonica worldwide. To identify pathogen characteristics that could be utilized for future disease management, the effects of temperature and light on mycelial growth, conidia production, and conidial germination, and the effects of humidity on conidial germination were studied. Optimal temperatures for mycelial growth of C. aenigma BY827 were 25-30°C, while 15°C and 35°C were favorable for conidia production. Concurrently, alternating 10-h light and 14-h dark, proved to be beneficial for mycelial growth and conidial germination. Additionally, conidial germination was enhanced at 90% humidity. In vitro screenings of ten chemical pesticides to assess their efficacy in suppressing C. aenigma representative strain BY827. Among them, difenoconazole showed the best inhibition rate, with an EC50 (concentration for 50% of maximal effect) value of 0.0148 μg/ml. Subsequently, field experiment results showed that difenoconazole had the highest control efficiency on A. japonica leaf blight (the decreasing rate of disease incidence and decreasing rate of disease index were 44.60 and 47.75%, respectively). Interestingly, we discovered that C. aenigma BY827 may develop resistance to mancozeb, which is not reported yet among Colletotrichum spp. strains. In conclusion, our study provided new insights into the causal agent of A. japonica leaf blight, and the effective fungicides evaluated provided an important basis and potential resource for the sustainable control of A. japonica leaf blight caused by C. aenigma in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidong Fan
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Yanjiang Liu
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Yalan Bin
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingyi Huang
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Benlin Yi
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Yingxue Li
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Cai
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Ziyan Yang
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Mingxuan Yang
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiahao Song
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Qi Pan
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Zengliang Liu
- Microbiology Research Institute, Guangxi Agricultural Science Academy, Nanning, China
| | - Muhammad Imran Ghani
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaojing Hu
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoyulong Chen
- College of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
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Yan Q, Liu S, Sun Y, Chen C, Yang S, Lin M, Long J, Yao J, Lin Y, Yi F, Meng L, Tan Y, Ai Q, Chen N, Yang Y. Targeting oxidative stress as a preventive and therapeutic approach for cardiovascular disease. J Transl Med 2023; 21:519. [PMID: 37533007 PMCID: PMC10394930 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to exert a significant impact on global mortality rates, encompassing conditions like pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), atherosclerosis (AS), and myocardial infarction (MI). Oxidative stress (OS) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and advancement of CVDs, highlighting its significance as a contributing factor. Maintaining an equilibrium between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant systems not only aids in mitigating oxidative stress but also confers protective benefits on cardiac health. Herbal monomers can inhibit OS in CVDs by activating multiple signaling pathways, such as increasing the activity of endogenous antioxidant systems and decreasing the level of ROS expression. Given the actions of herbal monomers to significantly protect the normal function of the heart and reduce the damage caused by OS to the organism. Hence, it is imperative to recognize the significance of herbal monomers as prospective therapeutic interventions for mitigating oxidative damage in CVDs. This paper aims to comprehensively review the origins and mechanisms underlying OS, elucidate the intricate association between CVDs and OS, and explore the therapeutic potential of antioxidant treatment utilizing herbal monomers. Furthermore, particular emphasis will be placed on examining the cardioprotective effects of herbal monomers by evaluating their impact on cardiac signaling pathways subsequent to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yan
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changsha Hospital for Matemal&Child Health Care, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Sun
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Songwei Yang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Meiyu Lin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Junpeng Long
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Jiao Yao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yuting Lin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Fan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Qidi Ai
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
| | - Naihong Chen
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yantao Yang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
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Kartini K, Irawan MA, Setiawan F, Jayani NIE. Characteristics, Isolation Methods, and Biological Properties of Aucubin. Molecules 2023; 28:4154. [PMID: 37241895 PMCID: PMC10222036 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aucubin is an iridoid glycoside widely spread in the families Cornaceae, Garryaceae, Orobanchaceae, Globulariaceae, Eucommiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Rubiaceae. This review is intended to provide data on the physicochemical characteristics, isolation methods, and biological activities of aucubin and its producing plants. Aucubin is unstable and can be deglycosylated into its aglycone, aucubigenin. Various chromatographic methods (column chromatography, vacuum liquid chromatography, medium pressure liquid chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography) have been used together to isolate aucubin, mainly with the stationary phase C-18 and the mobile phase water-methanol solution made in gradients. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal that aucubin has a wide range of activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anxiolytic and antidepressant, antidiabetic, antifibrotic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, gastroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, retinoprotective, neuroprotective, osteoprotective, and renoprotective. Even though aucubin has been extensively investigated, further research in humans is urgently needed primarily to substantiate the clinical evidence. Moreover, extensive studies on its drug delivery systems will help maximize efficacy and minimize side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartini Kartini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia; (M.A.I.); (F.S.); (N.I.E.J.)
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Park JH, Lee TK, Kim DW, Ahn JH, Lee CH, Lim SS, Kim YH, Cho JH, Kang IJ, Won MH. Aucubin Exerts Neuroprotection against Forebrain Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Gerbils through Antioxidative and Neurotrophic Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051082. [PMID: 37237948 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aucubin is an iridoid glycoside that displays various pharmacological actions including antioxidant activity. However, there are few reports available on the neuroprotective effects of aucubin against ischemic brain injury. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether aucubin protected against damage to hippocampal function induced by forebrain ischemia-reperfusion injury (fIRI) in gerbils, and to examine whether aucubin produced neuroprotection in the hippocampus against fIRI and to explore its mechanisms by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and Western analysis. Gerbils were given intraperitoneal injections of aucubin at doses of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, respectively, once a day for seven days before fIRI. As assessed by the passive avoidance test, short-term memory function following fIRI significantly declined, whereas the decline in short-term memory function due to fIRI was ameliorated by pretreatment with 10 mg/kg, but not 1 or 5 mg/kg, of aucubin. Most of the pyramidal cells (principal cells) of the hippocampus died in the Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) area four days after fIRI. Treatment with 10 mg/kg, but not 1 or 5 mg/kg, of aucubin protected the pyramidal cells from IRI. The treatment with 10 mg/kg of aucubin significantly reduced IRI-induced superoxide anion production, oxidative DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation in the CA1 pyramidal cells. In addition, the aucubin treatment significantly increased the expressions of superoxide dismutases (SOD1 and SOD2) in the pyramidal cells before and after fIRI. Furthermore, the aucubin treatment significantly enhanced the protein expression levels of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-I, in the hippocampal CA1 area before and after IRI. Collectively, in this experiment, pretreatment with aucubin protected CA1 pyramidal cells from forebrain IRI by attenuating oxidative stress and increasing neurotrophic factors. Thus, pretreatment with aucubin can be a promising candidate for preventing brain IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan 50510, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Hee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea
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Li C, Guo Z, Liu F, An P, Wang M, Yang D, Tang Q. PCSK6 attenuates cardiac dysfunction in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by regulating autophagy. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 203:114-128. [PMID: 37061139 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic drug widely used in the field of cancer, but its side effects on the heart hinder its clinical application. In cardiac injury caused by DOX, apoptosis and oxidative stress are both involved in cardiac damage, and autophagy is also one of the key responses. Both apoptosis and oxidative stress interact with autophagy. Proper promotion of autophagy effectively protects the myocardium and blocks cardiac injury. DOX mainly acts downstream of the autophagic flow and hinders the degradation process of autophagolysosomes, resulting in abnormal accumulation of autophagolysosomes in cells, which can prevent the timely removal of harmful substances and disrupt the normal function of cells. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 (PCSK6) is involved in the occurrence and development of various cardiovascular diseases, blood pressure regulation and the inflammatory response, but its role in DOX is still unclear. Here, we constructed cardiac PCSK6-overexpressing mice by injecting AAV9-PCSK6. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that overexpression of PCSK6 effectively protected cardiac function, inhibited apoptosis and oxidative stress. We focused on the effect of PCSK6 overexpression on autophagy. We have detected an increase in autophagosomes production and a decrease in autophagolysosomes accumulation. This suggests that PCSK6 promotes the level of autophagy, while possibly acting on the sites where DOX inhibits degradation, so that the autophagic flux inhibited by DOX is restored and the degradation process of autophagolysosomes is restored. The effect of PCSK6 was dependent on FOXO3a, which promoted the nuclear translocation of Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a), and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) regulated the expression of FOXO3a. When SIRT1 was inhibited, the protective effect of PCSK6 was diminished. In conclusion, overexpression of PCSK6 exerts a protective effect through SIRT1/FOXO3a in cardiac injury induced by DOX, suggesting that PCSK6 may be a therapeutic target for DOX cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Peng An
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qizhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China.
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7
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Feng M, Jiang X, Zhang Q, Wang Q, She C, Li Z. Aucubin protects against retinal ganglion cell injury in diabetic rats via inhibition of the p38MAPK pathway. Am J Transl Res 2023; 15:1007-1016. [PMID: 36915767 PMCID: PMC10006818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of aucubin in regard to injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in diabetic rats and its mechanism. METHODS A rat model of diabetes mellitus was created by single intraperitoneal injection of 55 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg aucubin or 5 μg/kg p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580, once a day, for 28 consecutive days. Body weight, blood glucose, morphological changes, count and apoptosis of RGCs, p38MAPK signaling pathway, apoptosis-related proteins, oxidative stress indices, and inflammatory factors were observed and compared among the groups. RESULTS Aucubin and SB203580 reduced the abnormality of the photoreceptor layer, bipolar cell layer and RGCs. Aucubin significantly reduced body weight, fasting blood glucose, RGC apoptosis rate, p38MAPK protein phosphorylation level, protein expression of Caspase 3 and Bax, vascular endothelial growth factors (interleukin-1β, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and malondialdehyde levels, and increased RGC count and protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-2/Bax (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Aucubin can protect RGCs in diabetic rats, inhibit RGC apoptosis, and reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory response, and 10 mg/kg aucubin showed optimal efficacy. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the p38MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Feng
- Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China
| | - Qingsong Zhang
- Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China
| | - Qifeng Wang
- Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China
| | - Chunyan She
- Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China
| | - Zudan Li
- Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China
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8
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Wu C, Chen RL, Wang Y, Wu WY, Li G. Acacetin alleviates myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:553-561. [PMID: 35244510 PMCID: PMC8903787 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2041675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acacetin is a natural source of flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. OBJECTIVE This study determines acacetin's protective effect and mechanism on myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham and I/R injury and treatment with acacetin. Acacetin (10 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected for 7 days. ECG and echocardiography were conducted to determine arrhythmia and heart function. The pathological characters of the heart were determined with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, Haematoxylin & Eosin staining, and Masson staining. Expression of proteins in infarct tissues was examined with western blots. RESULTS Administrated with acacetin in I/R rats significantly reduced the arrhythmia score from 4.90 to 2.50 and the reperfusion arrhythmia score from 3.79 to 1.82 in the vehicle or the acacetin group, respectively. LVEF was improved from 33.5% in the I/R group to 43.7% in the acacetin group, LVFS was increased from 16.4% to 24.5%, LVIDs was decreased from 6.5 to 5.3 mm. The inflammatory cell infiltration, myocardial fibrosis, and collagen 1 and 3 were reduced by acacetin. Acacetin promoted SOD and decreased MDA. In myocardial tissues, the expression level of TLR4 and IL-6 were restrained, and IL-10 was promoted. Apoptotic protein Bax was suppressed, and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was promoted in the acacetin group. Interestingly, the transcription factor Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway was also reversed by acacetin. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that acacetin has a potential therapeutic effect in clinical application on treating I/R-induced heart injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei-Yin Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Wei-Yin Wu Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province361015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- CONTACT Gang Li ;
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Yang P, Zhang Q, Shen H, Bai X, Liu P, Zhang T. Research progress on the protective effects of aucubin in neurological diseases. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1088-1094. [PMID: 35634723 PMCID: PMC9154787 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2074057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Aucubin (AU), an iridoid glycoside that is one of the active constituents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (EUO) (Eucommiaceae), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been extensively studied in the management of neurological diseases (NDs). However, a comprehensive review of its effects and mechanisms in this regard is currently not available. OBJECTIVE To compile the protective effects and mechanisms of AU in NDs and provide a basis for further research. METHODS We used 'aucubin' as the 'All Fields' or 'MeSH' in PubMed, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure without any limitation to search all relevant articles as comprehensively as possible; we selected the articles on AU treatment of NDs for summary. RESULTS Studies reviewed herein reported that AU improved the symptoms or prognosis of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, intracerebral haemorrhage, diabetic encephalopathy, epilepsy, anxiety and depression, and traumatic brain injury. The pharmacological mechanisms involved in repairing neuronal loss were postulated to include increasing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in the synapse, promoting differentiation of neural precursor cells into GABAergic neurons, providing antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammation activities, as well as enhancing autophagy and anti-apoptotic actions. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The protective effects of AU on some NDs have been confirmed. According to the pharmacological effects, AU is also highly likely to have protective effects on other NDs, which can be realized by further in vivo and in vitro basic research, and clinical trials. In the future, AU may be used for clinical prevention or treatment of patients with neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qiaoyue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hengyan Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xinyu Bai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Li Z, Liu C, Liu X, Wang N, Gao L, Bao X, Liu S, Xue P. Aucubin Impeded Preosteoclast Fusion and Enhanced CD31 hi EMCN hi Vessel Angiogenesis in Ovariectomized Mice. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:5226771. [PMID: 36406003 PMCID: PMC9668463 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5226771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis is tightly correlated with angiogenesis during the process of bone development, regeneration, and remodeling. In addition to providing nutrients and oxygen for bone tissue, blood vessels around bone tissue also secrete some factors to regulate bone formation. Type H vessels which were regulated by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) were confirmed to couple angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Recently, preosteoclasts have been identified as the most important source of PDGF-BB. Therefore, inhibiting osteoclast maturation, improving PDGF-BB secretion, stimulating type H angiogenesis, and subsequently accelerating bone regeneration may be potent treatments for bone loss disease. In the present study, aucubin, an iridoid glycoside extracted from Aucuba japonica and Eucommia ulmoides, was found to inhibit bone loss in ovariectomized mice. We further confirmed that aucubin could inhibit the fusion of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)+ preosteoclasts into mature osteoclasts and indirectly increasing angiogenesis of type H vessel. The underlying mechanism is the aucubin-induced inhibition of MAPK/NF-κB signaling, which increases the preosteoclast number and subsequently promotes angiogenesis via PDGF-BB. These results prompted that aucubin could be an antiosteoporosis drug candidate, which needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Key Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Key Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Key Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Liu Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Key Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xiaoxue Bao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Key Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Sijing Liu
- Editorial Department of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Peng Xue
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Key Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
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Chen L, Yu D, Ling S, Xu JW. Mechanism of tonifying-kidney Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of chronic heart failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:988360. [PMID: 36172573 PMCID: PMC9510640 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.988360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), chronic heart failure has the basic pathological characteristics of “heart-kidney yang deficiency.” Chronic heart failure with heart- and kidney-Yang deficiency has good overlap with New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes III and IV. Traditional Chinese medicine classical prescriptions for the treatment of chronic heart failure often take “warming and tonifying kidney-Yang” as the core, supplemented by herbal compositions with functions of “promoting blood circulation and dispersing blood stasis.” Nowadays, there are still many classical and folk prescriptions for chronic heart failure treatment, such as Zhenwu decoction, Bushen Huoxue decoction, Shenfu decoction, Sini decoction, as well as Qili Qiangxin capsule. This review focuses on classical formulations and their active constituents that play a key role in preventing chronic heart failure by suppressing inflammation and modulating immune and neurohumoral factors. In addition, given that mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming has intimate relation with inflammation, cardiac hypertrophy, and fibrosis, the regulatory role of classical prescriptions and their active components in metabolic reprogramming, including glycolysis and lipid β-oxidation, is also presented. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, the classical TCM prescriptions still have good clinical effects in treating chronic heart failure. This review will provide a modern pharmacological explanation for its mechanism and offer evidence for clinical medication by combining TCM syndrome differentiation with chronic heart failure clinical stages.
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12
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Xiao S, Zhong N, Yang Q, Li A, Tong W, Zhang Y, Yao G, Wang S, Liu J, Liu Z. Aucubin promoted neuron functional recovery by suppressing inflammation and neuronal apoptosis in a spinal cord injury model. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109163. [PMID: 35994851 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause severe motor impairment. Post-SCI treatment has focused primarily on secondary injury, with neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis as the primary therapeutic targets. Aucubin (Au), a Chinese herbal medicine, exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. The therapeutic effects of Aucubin in SCI have not been reported. METHODS In this study, we carried out an in vivo SCI model and a series of in vitro experiments to explore the therapeutic effect of Aucubin. Western Blotting and immunofluorescence were used to study the effect of Aucubin on microglial polarization and neuronal apoptosis and its underlying mechanism. RESULTS We found that Aucubin can promote axonal regeneration by reducing neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, which is beneficial to motor recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Our further in vitro experiments showed that Aucubin can activate the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation protein-88 (MyD88)/IκBα/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway to reduce neuroinflammation and reverse mitochondrial dysfunction to reduce neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these results suggest that Aucubin may ameliorate secondary injury after SCI by reducing neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. Therefore, Au may be a promising post-SCI therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shining Xiao
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Quanming Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Anan Li
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Weilai Tong
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Geliang Yao
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Shijiang Wang
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Zhili Liu
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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Qi Z, Chen J, Deng M, Zhang Y, Ma T, Ma M. Protection of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress of Pulmonary Epithelial Cells via MyD88-Mediated Pathways. Physiol Res 2022; 71:259-273. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common, severe clinical syndrome. Injury caused by inflammation and oxidative stress in vascular endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells is a vital process in the pathogenesis of ALI. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is highly expressed in LPS-induced ALI rats. In this study, Beas-2B human pulmonary epithelial cells and A549 alveolar epithelial cells were stimulated by LPS, resulting in the upregulation of TLR9 in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, TLR9 overexpression and interference vectors were transfected before LPS administration to explore the role of TLR9 in LPS-induced ALI in vitro. The findings revealed that inhibition of TLR9 reduced inflammation and oxidative stress while suppressing apoptosis of LPS-induced Beas-2B and A549 cells, whereas TLR9 overexpression aggravated these conditions. Moreover, TLR9 inhibition resulted in downregulated protein expression of myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88) and activator activator protein 1 (AP-1), as well as phosphorylation of nuclear factor-B (NF-B), c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated protein kinases 1/2 was upregulated compared to that of cells subjected to only LPS administration, and this was reversed by TLR9 overexpression. These results indicate that inhibition of TLR9 plays a protective role against LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in Beas-2B and A549 cells, possibly via the MyD88/NF-B and MyD88/MAPKs/AP-1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Qi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China.
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Zhao G, Jiang H. Beneficial effects of Aucubin on restoration of rabbits with cartilage defect. Cell Tissue Bank 2022; 23:887-897. [PMID: 35384569 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-022-10004-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondral grafts are suitable materials for repair of articular cartilage defect and plastic and reconstructive surgery. In our study, osteochondral allografts from rabbits were preserved in vitro for 28 days, and chondrocyte death, degradation of collagen and proteoglycan, morphological alterations, and inflammatory reaction were observed in the grafts. Supplementing of Aucubin with 10 or 20 μM in the preservation solution inhibited chondrocyte death, matrix degradation, pathological alterations and inflammation in allografts preserved in vitro, compared with that preserved in standard preservation solution. In addition, after transplantation of 20 μM Aucubin-treated allografts, the osteochondral repair and regeneration of rabbits with knee joint defect were accelerated. In conclusion, Aucubin was beneficial for maintaining chondrocyte viability and normal morphology, and inhibiting inflammatory occurrence in rabbit osteochondral grafts preserved in vitro, and facilitated osteochondral repair and regeneration of rabbits with knee defect. These findings might provide novel insights for preservation of grafts for clinical articular cartilage repair and plastic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Zhao
- The Seventh Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 33, Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- The Seventh Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 33, Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China.
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Wang X, Xie Z, Lou Z, Chen Y, Huang S, Ren Y, Weng G, Zhang S. Regulation of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in RCC using the active compounds of natural products in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:766. [PMID: 34490473 PMCID: PMC8430319 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Professor Tu Youyou won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for the discovery of artemisinin, which is used to treat malaria, increased attention has been paid to the extracts obtained from plants, in order to analyze their biological activities, particularly with regard to their antitumor activity. Therefore, the present study explored the biochemical properties of seven natural plant extracts on renal cell carcinoma (RCC). 786-O and OS-RC-2 cells were cultured and treated with different concentrations of the extracts. Then, cell viability, the IC50 value and proliferation was determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were evaluated via flow cytometry. The expression levels of proteins were assessed using western blotting, and cellular morphology was observed using a light microscope. The results showed that sophoricoside, aucubin, notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1 did not exhibit a cytotoxic effect on RCC cells, whereas ginsenoside Re and allicin exhibited a very slight inhibitory effect. Naringenin possessed the highest activity of the analyzed extracts. The IC50 values of naringenin on 786-O and OS-RC-2 cells were 8.91±0.33 and 7.78±2.65 µM, respectively. In addition, naringenin notably inhibited the proliferation of RCC cells by decreasing Ki67 expression, blocked cell cycle progression in the G2 phase by regulating expression of cell cycle proteins, and increased apoptosis by upregulating caspase-8 expression, downregulating Bcl-2 expression and altering the cellular morphology. Furthermore, naringenin inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis by upregulating the expression of PTEN at the protein level, downregulated the expression of PI3K and phosphorylated-(p-)AKT, but did not affect the expression of AKT, mTOR or p-mTOR. The seven plant extracts analyzed showed differing degrees of anti-RCC activity. Sophoricoside, aucubin, notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1 did not exhibit notable anti-RCC activity, whereas the effect of ginsenoside Re and allicin on RCC was considerably weak. However, naringenin showed potent anti-proliferative, apoptosis inducing and cell cycle arresting activity on RCC cells via regulation of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Xie
- Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongguan Lou
- Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Yulu Chen
- Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Guobin Weng
- Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
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Cheng D, Zheng J, Hu F, Lv W, Lu C. Abnormal Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Communication Promotes Myocardial Infarction. Front Physiol 2021; 12:717187. [PMID: 34413791 PMCID: PMC8369510 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.717187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is characterized by cardiomyocyte death, and can be exacerbated by mitochondrial damage and endoplasmic reticulum injury. In the present study, we investigated whether communication between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum contributes to cardiomyocyte death after myocardial infarction. Our data demonstrated that hypoxia treatment (mimicking myocardial infarction) promoted cardiomyocyte death by inducing the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. The activation of JNK under hypoxic conditions was dependent on overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in cardiomyocytes, and mitochondrial division was identified as the upstream inducer of mtROS overproduction. Silencing mitochondrial division activators, such as B cell receptor associated protein 31 (BAP31) and mitochondrial fission 1 (Fis1), repressed mitochondrial division, thereby inhibiting mtROS overproduction and preventing JNK-induced cardiomyocyte death under hypoxic conditions. These data revealed that a novel death-inducing mechanism involving the BAP31/Fis1/mtROS/JNK axis promotes hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte damage. Considering that BAP31 is localized within the endoplasmic reticulum and Fis1 is localized in mitochondria, abnormal mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum communication may be a useful therapeutic target after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengzhi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Huang L, Lyu Q, Zheng W, Yang Q, Cao G. Traditional application and modern pharmacological research of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Chin Med 2021; 16:73. [PMID: 34362420 PMCID: PMC8349065 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a Traditional Chinese Medicine, Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. has been used for the treatment of various diseases since ancient times, involving lumbar pain, knee pain, osteoporosis, hepatoprotection, paralysis, intestinal haemorrhoids, vaginal bleeding, abortion, spermatorrhoea, foot fungus, anti-aging etc. With the developing discovery of E. ulmoides extracts and its active components in various pharmacological activities, E. ulmoides has gained more and more attention. Up to now, E. ulmoides has been revealed to show remarkable therapeutic effects on hypertension, hyperglycemia, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, sexual dysfunction. E. ulmoides has also been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, anti-cancer and immunoregulation activities etc. Along these lines, this review summarizes the traditional application and modern pharmacological research of E. ulmoides, providing novel insights of E. ulmoides in the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichuang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Qiang Lyu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Wanying Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Phosphoproteomic response of cardiac endothelial cells to ischemia and ultrasound. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140683. [PMID: 34119693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction and subsequent therapeutic interventions activate numerous intracellular cascades in every constituent cell type of the heart. Endothelial cells produce several protective compounds in response to therapeutic ultrasound, under both normoxic and ischemic conditions. How endothelial cells sense ultrasound and convert it to a beneficial biological response is not known. We adopted a global, unbiased phosphoproteomics approach aimed at understanding how endothelial cells respond to ultrasound. Here, we use primary cardiac endothelial cells to explore the cellular signaling events underlying the response to ischemia-like cellular injury and ultrasound exposure in vitro. Enriched phosphopeptides were analyzed with a high mass accuracy liquid chromatrography (LC) - tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) proteomic platform, yielding multiple alterations in both total protein levels and phosphorylation events in response to ischemic injury and ultrasound. Application of pathway algorithms reveals numerous protein networks recruited in response to ultrasound including those regulating RNA splicing, cell-cell interactions and cytoskeletal organization. Our dataset also permits the informatic prediction of potential kinases responsible for the modifications detected. Taken together, our findings begin to reveal the endothelial proteomic response to ultrasound and suggest potential targets for future studies of the protective effects of ultrasound in the ischemic heart.
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Role of Muscle-Specific Histone Methyltransferase (Smyd1) in Exercise-Induced Cardioprotection against Pathological Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197010. [PMID: 32977624 PMCID: PMC7582695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological remodeling is the main detrimental complication after myocardial infarction (MI). Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infarcted myocardium may contribute to this process. Adequate exercise training after MI may reduce oxidative stress-induced cardiac tissue damage and remodeling. SET and MYND domain containing 1 (Smyd1) is a muscle-specific histone methyltransferase which is upregulated by resistance training, may strengthen sarcomere assembly and myofiber folding, and may promote skeletal muscles growth and hypertrophy. However, it remains elusive if Smyd1 has similar functions in post-MI cardiac muscle and participates in exercise-induced cardioprotection. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of interval treadmill exercise on cardiac function, ROS generation, Smyd1 expression, and sarcomere assembly of F-actin in normal and infarcted hearts. Adult male rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10/group): control (C), exercise alone (EX), sham-operated (S), MI induced by permanent ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery (MI), and MI with interval exercise training (MI + EX). Exercise training significantly improved post-MI cardiac function and sarcomere assembly of F-actin. The cardioprotective effects were associated with increased Smyd1, Trx1, cTnI, and α-actinin expression as well as upregulated ratio of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/AMPK, whereas Hsp90, MuRF1, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) expression, ROS generation, and myocardial fibrosis were attenuated. The improved post-MI cardiac function was associated with increased Smyd1 expression. In cultured H9C2 cardiomyoblasts, in vitro treatment with H2O2 (50 µmol/L) or AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonist (AICAR, 1 mmol/L) or their combination for 4 h simulated the effects of exercise on levels of ROS and Smyd1. In conclusion, we demonstrated a novel role of Smyd1 in association with post-MI exercise-induced cardioprotection. The moderate level of ROS-induced upregulation of Smyd1 may be an important target for modulating post-MI cardiac function and remodeling.
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Alves QL, de Jesus RLC, Silva DF. Beneficial Effects Induced by TRPM8 Channels Activation to Treat Myocardial Infarction. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:214-217. [PMID: 31848568 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Quiara Lovatti Alves
- Department of Bioregulation, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rafael Leonne Cruz de Jesus
- Department of Bioregulation, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Darízy Flávia Silva
- Department of Bioregulation, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of aucubin. Fitoterapia 2020; 140:104443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhou R, Gao J, Xiang C, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Yang H. Salvianolic acid A attenuated myocardial infarction–induced apoptosis and inflammation by activating Trx. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 393:991-1002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01766-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Qin Q, Cui L, Zhou Z, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhou C. Inhibition of microRNA-141-3p Reduces Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis in H9c2 Rat Cardiomyocytes by Activating the RP105-Dependent PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:7016-7025. [PMID: 31532760 PMCID: PMC6765341 DOI: 10.12659/msm.916361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress in myocardial ischemia results in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The expression of microRNA-141-3p (miR-141-3p) and the 105 kD toll-like receptor protein (TLR), RP105, have been identified in cardiomyocytes in vitro. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hypoxia in H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts with and without the inhibition of miR-141-3p and to investigate the expression of RP105 and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. MATERIAL AND METHODS H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts were cultured in conditions of hypoxia and treated with a specific miR-141-3p-inhibitor. RP105 short-interfering RNA (siRNA) was constructed, and LY294002 was used to inhibit the PI3KA/AKT pathway. The fluorescent probe, dihydroethidium (DHE), was used to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS). Flow cytometry evaluated ROS and apoptosis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot studied the expression of the PI3K/AKT pathway genes and proteins. Bioinformatics and dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to identify the targets for miR-141-3p. RESULTS A predictive TargetScan algorithm showed that the RP105 gene was a potential target of miR-141-3p. Expression of miR-141-3p was significantly increased in hypoxic H9c2 cells, and inhibition of miR-141-3p increased cell viability and reduced apoptosis. Also, miR-141-3p was shown to target 3'-UTR of RP105. Down-regulation of RP105 associated with hypoxia and its downstream PI3K/AKT pathway were significantly increased following miR-141-3p inhibition. The protective effect of miR-141-3p inhibition in hypoxic H9c2 cells was abolished by the absence of RP105 and inhibition of PI3K/AKT. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of miR-141-3p reduced hypoxia-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes in vitro by activating the RP105-dependent PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoji Qin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Liqiang Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Chengyang People’s Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhenggang Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Chengyang People’s Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yini Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
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Duan M, Yuan Y, Liu C, Cai Z, Xie Q, Hu T, Tang Q, Wu Q. Indigo Fruits Ingredient, Aucubin, Protects against LPS-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:348-359. [PMID: 31467086 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aucubin (AUB), which is extracted from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver seeds, has been found to possess anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. Recent studies have indicated that inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis are involved in the pathophysiology of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiac dysfunction. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of AUB on LPS-induced acute cardiac injury. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected with LPS (one 6 mg/kg injection) to induce cardiac dysfunction without or with AUB pretreatment (20 or 80 mg/kg per day) for 1 week. We found that AUB ameliorated cardiac dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis induced by LPS stimulation. Mechanistically, AUB inhibited LPS-induced oxidative stress by decreasing reactive oxygen species and thioredoxin interaction protein (TXNIP) levels. Moreover, AUB suppressed LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis by reducing nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC)/caspase-1 inflammasome formation. Overexpression of NLRP3 in cardiomyocytes attenuated the protective effects of AUB. Interestingly, NLRP3 deficiency ameliorated cardiac function and reduced the inflammatory response and oxidative stress after LPS insult in mice, whereas AUB could not further prevent LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction in NLRP3-deficient mice. In summary, AUB exerts a protective effect against LPS-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro by regulating the TXNIP pathway and inactivating the NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 inflammasome. Hence, AUB may be a promising agent against LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Aucubin exerts a protective effect against lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac dysfunction by regulating nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- MingXia Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.)
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.)
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.)
| | - Zhulan Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.)
| | - Qingwen Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.)
| | - Tongtong Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.)
| | - Qizhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.)
| | - QingQing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China (M.-X.D., Y.Y., C.L., Z.C., Q.X., T.H., Q.T., Q.-Q.W.)
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