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Zhong H, Zhou S, Yin S, Qiu Y, Liu B, Yu H. Tumor microenvironment as niche constructed by cancer stem cells: Breaking the ecosystem to combat cancer. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00251-0. [PMID: 38866179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a distinct subpopulation of cancer cells with the capacity to constantly self-renew and differentiate, and they are the main driver in the progression of cancer resistance and relapse. The tumor microenvironment (TME) constructed by CSCs is the "soil" adapted to tumor growth, helping CSCs evade immune killing, enhance their chemical resistance, and promote cancer progression. AIM OF REVIEW We aim to elaborate the tight connection between CSCs and immunosuppressive components of the TME. We attempt to summarize and provide a therapeutic strategy to eradicate CSCs based on the destruction of the tumor ecological niche. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This review is focused on three main key concepts. First, we highlight that CSCs recruit and transform normal cells to construct the TME, which further provides ecological niche support for CSCs. Second, we describe the main characteristics of the immunosuppressive components of the TME, targeting strategies and summarize the progress of corresponding drugs in clinical trials. Third, we explore the multilevel insights of the TME to serve as an ecological niche for CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuling Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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2
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Zhang X, Du W, Huang X, Zhong H, Hu N. An overview of current research on cancer stem cells: a bibliometric analysis. Clin Transl Oncol 2024:10.1007/s12094-024-03486-5. [PMID: 38625493 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a potential mechanism contributing to tumorigenesis, metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance. The objective of this study is to investigate the status quo and advancements in CSC research utilizing bibliometric analysis. METHODS Publications related to CSCs from 2010 to 2022 were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Various analytical tools including CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Scimago Graphica, and GraphPad Prism were used to visualize aspects such as co-authorship, co-occurrence, and co-citation within CSC research to provide an objective depiction of the contemporary status and developmental trajectory of the CSC field. RESULTS A total of 22,116 publications were included from 1942 journals written by 95,992 authors. Notably, China emerged as the country with the highest number of publications, whereas the United States exerted the most significant influence within the field. MD Anderson Cancer Center emerged as the institution making the most comprehensive contributions. Wicha M.S. emerged as the most prolific and influential researcher. Among journals, Cancers emerged as a focal point for CSC research, consistently publishing a wealth of high-quality papers. Furthermore, it was observed that most journals tended to approach CSC research from molecular, biological, and immunological perspectives. The research into CSCs encompassed a broad array of topics, including isolation and enrichment techniques, biomarkers, biological characteristics, cancer therapy strategies, and underlying biological regulatory mechanisms. Notably, exploration of the tumor microenvironment and extracellular vesicles emerged as burgeoning research frontiers for CSCs. CONCLUSION The research on CSCs has garnered growing interest. A trend toward multidisciplinary homogeneity is emerging within the realm of CSCs. Further investigation could potentially center on the patients of extracellular vesicles and the tumor microenvironment in relation to CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Zhang
- International Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenbo Du
- International Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xizhi Huang
- International Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Haoting Zhong
- International Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ning Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 of Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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3
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Gupta R, Gupta J, Roy S. Exosomes: Key Players for Treatment of Cancer and Their Future Perspectives. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2024; 22:118-147. [PMID: 38407852 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Suchismita Roy
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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4
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Yin W, Ma H, Qu Y, Wang S, Zhao R, Yang Y, Guo ZN. Targeted exosome-based nanoplatform for new-generation therapeutic strategies. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:032002. [PMID: 38471163 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, typically 30-150 nm in size, are lipid-bilayered small-membrane vesicles originating in endosomes. Exosome biogenesis is regulated by the coordination of various mechanisms whereby different cargoes (e.g. proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids) are sorted into exosomes. These components endow exosomes with bioregulatory functions related to signal transmission and intercellular communication. Exosomes exhibit substantial potential as drug-delivery nanoplatforms owing to their excellent biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Proteins, miRNA, siRNA, mRNA, and drugs have been successfully loaded into exosomes, and these exosome-based delivery systems show satisfactory therapeutic effects in different disease models. To enable targeted drug delivery, genetic engineering and chemical modification of the lipid bilayer of exosomes are performed. Stimuli-responsive delivery nanoplatforms designed with appropriate modifications based on various stimuli allow precise control of on-demand drug delivery and can be utilized in clinical treatment. In this review, we summarize the general properties, isolation methods, characterization, biological functions, and the potential role of exosomes in therapeutic delivery systems. Moreover, the effective combination of the intrinsic advantages of exosomes and advanced bioengineering, materials science, and clinical translational technologies are required to accelerate the development of exosome-based delivery nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yin
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyin Ma
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Qu
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Siji Wang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Zhao
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
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5
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Wu J, Wang X, Li Z, Yi X, Hu D, Wang Q, Zhong T. Small extracellular vesicles promote the formation of the pre-metastatic niche through multiple mechanisms in colorectal cancer. Cell Cycle 2024; 23:131-149. [PMID: 38341861 PMCID: PMC11037293 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2024.2311501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the most prevalent global malignancies, posing significant threats to human life and health due to its high recurrence and metastatic potential. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) released by CRC play a pivotal role in the formation of the pre-metastatic niche (PMN) through various mechanisms, preparing the groundwork for accelerated metastatic invasion. This review systematically describes how sEVs promote CRC metastasis by upregulating inflammatory factors, promoting immunosuppression, enhancing angiogenesis and vascular permeability, promoting lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic network remodeling, determining organophilicity, promoting stromal cell activation and remodeling and inducing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, we explore potential mechanisms by which sEVs contribute to PMN formation in CRC and propose novel insights for CRC diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhengzhe Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Yi
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Die Hu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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6
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Zaarour RF, Ribeiro M, Azzarone B, Kapoor S, Chouaib S. Tumor microenvironment-induced tumor cell plasticity: relationship with hypoxic stress and impact on tumor resistance. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1222575. [PMID: 37886168 PMCID: PMC10598765 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1222575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of tumor interaction with stromal components during carcinogenesis is crucial for the design of efficient cancer treatment approaches. It is widely admitted that tumor hypoxic stress is associated with tumor aggressiveness and thus impacts susceptibility and resistance to different types of treatments. Notable biological processes that hypoxia functions in include its regulation of tumor heterogeneity and plasticity. While hypoxia has been reported as a major player in tumor survival and dissemination regulation, the significance of hypoxia inducible factors in cancer stem cell development remains poorly understood. Several reports indicate that the emergence of cancer stem cells in addition to their phenotype and function within a hypoxic tumor microenvironment impacts cancer progression. In this respect, evidence showed that cancer stem cells are key elements of intratumoral heterogeneity and more importantly are responsible for tumor relapse and escape to treatments. This paper briefly reviews our current knowledge of the interaction between tumor hypoxic stress and its role in stemness acquisition and maintenance. Our review extensively covers the influence of hypoxia on the formation and maintenance of cancer stem cells and discusses the potential of targeting hypoxia-induced alterations in the expression and function of the so far known stem cell markers in cancer therapy approaches. We believe that a better and integrated understanding of the effect of hypoxia on stemness during carcinogenesis might lead to new strategies for exploiting hypoxia-associated pathways and their targeting in the clinical setting in order to overcome resistance mechanisms. More importantly, at the present time, efforts are oriented towards the design of innovative therapeutical approaches that specifically target cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- RF. Zaarour
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - M. Ribeiro
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - B. Azzarone
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - S. Kapoor
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - S. Chouaib
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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7
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Mishra A, Bharti PS, Rani N, Nikolajeff F, Kumar S. A tale of exosomes and their implication in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188908. [PMID: 37172650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a cause of high deaths worldwide and also a huge burden for the health system. Cancer cells have unique properties such as a high rate of proliferation, self-renewal, metastasis, and treatment resistance, therefore, the development of novel diagnoses of cancers is a tedious task. Exosomes are secreted by virtually all cell types and have the ability to carry a multitude of biomolecules crucial for intercellular communication, hence, contributing a crucial part in the onset and spread of cancer. These exosomal components can be utilized in the development of markers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes for various cancers. This review emphasized primarily the following topics: exosomes structure and functions, isolation and characterization strategies of exosomes, the role of exosomal contents in cancer with a focus in particular on noncoding RNA and protein, exosomes, and the cancer microenvironment interactions, cancer stem cells, and tumor diagnosis and prognosis based on exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Mishra
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Prahalad Singh Bharti
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Neerja Rani
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Fredrik Nikolajeff
- Department of Health, Education, and Technology, Lulea University of Technology, 97187, Sweden
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; Department of Health, Education, and Technology, Lulea University of Technology, 97187, Sweden.
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8
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Warrier NM, Kelkar N, Johnson CT, Govindarajan T, Prabhu V, Kumar P. Understanding cancer stem cells and plasticity: Towards better therapeutics. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151321. [PMID: 37137199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to finally overcome various lines of treatment in due course has always baffled the scientific community. Even with the most promising therapies, relapse is ultimately seen, and this resilience has proved to be a major hurdle in the management of cancer. Accumulating evidence now attributes this resilience to plasticity. Plasticity is the ability of cells to change their properties and is substantial as it helps in normal tissue regeneration or post-injury repair processes. It also helps in the overall maintenance of homeostasis. Unfortunately, this critical ability of cells, when activated incorrectly, can lead to numerous diseases, including cancer. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the plasticity aspect with an emphasis on cancer stem cells (CSCs). We discuss the various forms of plasticity that provide survival advantages to CSCs. Moreover, we explore various factors that affect plasticity. Furthermore, we provide the therapeutic implications of plasticity. Finally, we provide an insight into the future targeted therapies involving plasticity for better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerada Meenakshi Warrier
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nachiket Kelkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Carol Tresa Johnson
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Vijendra Prabhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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9
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Ahmed AA, Monir M, Sabry D, Mostafa A. In vitro study to evaluate the effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor on colorectal adenocarcinoma and on mesenchymal stem cells trans differentiation into cancer stem cells by cancer cells derived exosomes. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-023-00351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and lethal malignancies with poor prognosis. CRC cells release extracellular vesicles called exosomes to facilitate tumor progression by passing bioactive molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids between cells of the tumor and their microenvironment. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor which mainly affects the lineage of neutrophil and exerts direct anti-tumor effects on various tumor types. The purpose of our study is to investigate the effect of G-CSF on CRC cells and to evaluate its capability to attenuate the potentiality of CRC cells derived exosomes to induce bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) malignant transformation into cancer stem cells (CSCs).
Results
The level of both lncRNA metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT-1) (p = 0.014) & β-catenin (p = 0.01) was significantly decreased, whereas programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) (p = 0.018) was increased in CRC exosomes pre-treated with G-CSF compared to untreated CRC exosomes. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in the cell proliferation in CRC cells pre-treated with G-CSF compared to untreated CRC cells (p = 0.008). Flow cytometric analysis of BM-MSCs showed that G-CSF could attenuate their transformation into CSCs.
Conclusion
G-CSF can be a promising therapeutic agent for CRC treatment.
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10
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Ge Y, Ye T, Fu S, Jiang X, Song H, Liu B, Wang G, Wang J. Research progress of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114041. [PMID: 37153619 PMCID: PMC10162406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most severe forms of malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, of which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most primary type observed in the clinic. NSCLC is mainly treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Additionally, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have also shown promising results. Several immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, have been developed for clinical use and have benefited patients with NSCLC. However, immunotherapy faces several challenges like poor response and unknown effective population. It is essential to identify novel predictive markers to further advance precision immunotherapy for NSCLC. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) present an important research direction. In this review, we focus on the role of EVs as a biomarker in NSCLC immunotherapy considering various perspectives, including the definition and properties of EVs, their role as biomarkers in current NSCLC immunotherapy, and different EV components as biomarkers in NSCLC immunotherapy research. We describe the cross-talk between the role of EVs as biomarkers and novel technical approaches or research concepts in NSCLC immunotherapy, such as neoadjuvants, multi-omics analysis, and the tumour microenvironment. This review will provide a reference for future research to improve the benefits of immunotherapy for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ge
- Graduate School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Graduate School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Siyun Fu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- Department of Science and Technology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Liu, ; Guoquan Wang, ; Jinghui Wang,
| | - Guoquan Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Liu, ; Guoquan Wang, ; Jinghui Wang,
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Liu, ; Guoquan Wang, ; Jinghui Wang,
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11
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The role of exosomes in the molecular mechanisms of metastasis: Focusing on EMT and cancer stem cells. Life Sci 2022; 310:121103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Characterization of Extracellular vesicles isolated from different Liquid biopsies of uveal melanoma patients. J Circ Biomark 2022; 11:36-47. [PMID: 35784590 PMCID: PMC9238429 DOI: 10.33393/jcb.2022.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular malignant tumor in adults. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been extensively studied as a biomarker to monitor disease in patients. The study of new biomarkers in melanoma patients could prevent metastasis by earlier diagnosis. In this study, we determined the proteomic profile of EVs isolated from aqueous humor (AH), vitreous humor (VH), and plasma from UM patients in comparison with cancer-free control patients. Methods: AH, VH and plasma were collected from seven patients with UM after enucleation; AH and plasma were collected from seven cancer-free patients with cataract (CAT; control group). EVs were isolated using the membrane-based affinity binding column method. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was performed to determine the size and concentration of EVs. EV markers, CD63 and TSG101, were assessed by immunoblotting, and the EV proteome was characterized by mass spectrometry. Results: Mean EV concentration was higher in all analytes of UM patients compared to those in the CAT group. In the UM cohort, the mean concentration of EVs was significantly lower in AH and plasma than in VH. In contrast, the mean size and size distribution of EVs was invariably identical in all analyzed analytes and in both studied groups (UM vs. CAT). Mass spectrometry analyses from the different analytes from UM patients showed the presence of EV markers. Conclusion: EVs isolated from AH, VH, and plasma from patients with UM showed consistent profiles and support the use of blood to monitor UM patients as a noninvasive liquid biopsy.
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Ibragimova M, Tsyganov M, Litviakov N. Tumour Stem Cells in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095058. [PMID: 35563449 PMCID: PMC9099719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour stem cells (CSCs) are a self-renewing population that plays important roles in tumour initiation, recurrence, and metastasis. Although the medical literature is extensive, problems with CSC identification and cancer therapy remain. This review provides the main mechanisms of CSC action in breast cancer (BC): CSC markers and signalling pathways, heterogeneity, plasticity, and ecological behaviour. The dynamic heterogeneity of CSCs and the dynamic transitions of CSC− non-CSCs and their significance for metastasis are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ibragimova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5, Kooperativny Street, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (M.T.); (N.L.)
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Siberian State Medical University, 2, Moscow Tract, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Biological Institute, National Research Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Matvey Tsyganov
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5, Kooperativny Street, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (M.T.); (N.L.)
| | - Nikolai Litviakov
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5, Kooperativny Street, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (M.T.); (N.L.)
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Siberian State Medical University, 2, Moscow Tract, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Biological Institute, National Research Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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14
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The Role of Small Extracellular Vesicles in the Progression of Colorectal Cancer and Its Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031379. [PMID: 35163305 PMCID: PMC8835972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and a longstanding critical challenge for public health. Screening has been suggested to effectively reduce both the incidence and mortality of CRC. However, the drawback of the current screening modalities, both stool-based tests and colonoscopies, is limited screening adherence, which reduces the effectiveness of CRC screening. Blood tests are more acceptable than stool tests or colonoscopy as a first-line screening approach. Therefore, identifying blood biomarkers for detecting CRC and its precancerous neoplasms is urgently needed to fulfill the unmet clinical need. Currently, many kinds of blood contents, such as circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor nucleic acids, and extracellular vesicles, have been investigated as biomarkers for CRC detection. Among these, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been demonstrated to detect CRC effectively in recent reports. sEVs enable intercellular shuttling—for instance, trafficking between recipient cancer cells and stromal cells—which can affect tumor initiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, immune regulation; metastasis, the cancer-specific molecules, such as proteins, microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, loaded into cancer-derived sEVs may serve as biomarkers for the detection of cancers, including CRC. Indeed, accumulating evidence has shown that nucleic acids and proteins contained in CRC-derived sEVs are effective as blood biomarkers for CRC detection. However, investigations of the performance of sEVs for diagnosing CRC in clinical trials remains limited. Thus, the effectiveness of sEV biomarkers for diagnosing CRC needs further validation in clinical trials.
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15
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An Y, Li R, Zhang F, He P. A ratiometric electrochemical sensor for the determination of exosomal glycoproteins. Talanta 2021; 235:122790. [PMID: 34517648 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal glycosylation of exosomal proteins is related to many diseases. However, there is still a lack of convenient and easy methods for the determination of exosomal glycoproteins. In this work, a ratiometric electrochemical sensor based on the recognition of glycoproteins by boronic acid and core-shell nanoparticles of silica-silver (SiO2@Ag) amplified signals was developed for the highly sensitive detection of exosomal glycoproteins. The CD63 aptamer-SiO2-N-(2-((2-aminoethyl)disulfanyl)ethyl) ferrocene carboxamide (FcNHSSNH2) probe was first connected to graphene oxide-cucurbit [7] (GO-CB [7]) modified GCE through host-guest recognition. The CD63 aptamer was employed for the specific capture of exosomes, and the FcNHSSNH2 molecule was used as the internal reference signal of the sensor. The mercaptophenylboronic acid (MPBA) of MPBA-SiO2@Ag probe was used for the identification of exosomes surface glycoproteins. SiO2 nanoparticle has a large specific surface area, which can load a large amount of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for electrochemical signal amplification. The results were expressed as the current ratio of AgNPs and FcNHSSNH2. The introduction of the internal reference molecule FcNHSSNH2 could effectively reduce the measurement error caused by the different DNA density of the substrate, and further improve the sensitivity and accuracy of the detection. Under the optimal experimental conditions, this sensor allowed the sensitive detection of exosomal glycoproteins in the range of 4.2 × 102 to 4.2 × 108 particles/μL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 368 particles/μL. Furthermore, the ratiometric electrochemical sensor could be employed for the detection of exosomal glycoproteins in human serum samples, which has a good clinical application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu An
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Pingang He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
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16
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Boussadia Z, Gambardella AR, Mattei F, Parolini I. Acidic and Hypoxic Microenvironment in Melanoma: Impact of Tumour Exosomes on Disease Progression. Cells 2021; 10:3311. [PMID: 34943819 PMCID: PMC8699343 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of melanoma progression have been extensively studied in the last decade, and despite the diagnostic and therapeutic advancements pursued, malignant melanoma still accounts for 60% of skin cancer deaths. Therefore, research efforts are required to better define the intercellular molecular steps underlying the melanoma development. In an attempt to represent the complexity of the tumour microenvironment (TME), here we analysed the studies on melanoma in acidic and hypoxic microenvironments and the interactions with stromal and immune cells. Within TME, acidity and hypoxia force melanoma cells to adapt and to evolve into a malignant phenotype, through the cooperation of the tumour-surrounding stromal cells and the escape from the immune surveillance. The role of tumour exosomes in the intercellular crosstalk has been generally addressed, but less studied in acidic and hypoxic conditions. Thus, this review aims to summarize the role of acidic and hypoxic microenvironment in melanoma biology, as well as the role played by melanoma-derived exosomes (Mexo) under these conditions. We also present a perspective on the characteristics of acidic and hypoxic exosomes to disclose molecules, to be further considered as promising biomarkers for an early detection of the disease. An update on the use of exosomes in melanoma diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment will be also provided and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Boussadia
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Adriana Rosa Gambardella
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Isabella Parolini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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17
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Molecular Profile Study of Extracellular Vesicles for the Identification of Useful Small “Hit” in Cancer Diagnosis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the main mediators of cell-cell communication, permitting cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and metabolites in varying physiological and pathological conditions. They contain signature tumor-derived molecules that reflect the intracellular status of their cell of origin. Recent studies have shown that tumor cell-derived EVs can aid in cancer metastasis through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, suppression of the immune system, pre-metastatic niche formation, and subsequent metastasis. EVs can easily be isolated from a variety of biological fluids, and their content makes them useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, monitorization of cancer progression, and response to treatment. This review aims to explore the biomarkers of cancer cell-derived EVs obtained from liquid biopsies, in order to understand cancer progression and metastatic evolution for early diagnosis and precision therapy.
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18
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Villasante A, Godier-Furnemont A, Hernandez-Barranco A, Coq JL, Boskovic J, Peinado H, Mora J, Samitier J, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Horizontal transfer of the stemness-related markers EZH2 and GLI1 by neuroblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles in stromal cells. Transl Res 2021; 237:82-97. [PMID: 34217898 PMCID: PMC9204390 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial pediatric solid cancer originating from undifferentiated neural crest cells. NB cells express EZH2 and GLI1 genes that are known to maintain the undifferentiated phenotype of cancer stem cells (CSC) in NB. Recent studies suggest that tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can regulate the transformation of surrounding cells into CSC by transferring tumor-specific molecules they contain. However, the horizontal transfer of EVs molecules in NB remains largely unknown. We report the analysis of NB-derived EVs in bioengineered models of NB that are based on a collagen 1/hyaluronic acid scaffold designed to mimic the native tumor niche. Using these models, we observed an enrichment of GLI1 and EZH2 mRNAs in NB-derived EVs. As a consequence of the uptake of NB-derived EVs, the host cells increased the expression levels of GLI1 and EZH2. These results suggest the alteration of the expression profile of stromal cells through an EV-based mechanism, and point the GLI1 and EZH2 mRNAs in the EV cargo as diagnostic biomarkers in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Villasante
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York,USA; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Alberto Hernandez-Barranco
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Johanne Le Coq
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jasminka Boskovic
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Oncology Department, Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York,USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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19
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Chung WM, Molony RD, Lee YF. Non-stem bladder cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote cancer stem cell survival in response to chemotherapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:533. [PMID: 34627375 PMCID: PMC8502272 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemosenstive non-stem cancer cells (NSCCs) constitute the bulk of tumors and are considered as part of the cancer stem cell (CSC) niche in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate the communication between tumors and the TME. In this study, we sought to investigate the impacts of EVs released by NSCCs on the maintenance of CSC properties and chemoresistance. METHODS We employed murine MB49 bladder cancer (BC) sub-lines representing CSCs and NSCCs as a model system. Chemotherapy drugs were used to treat NSCCs in order to collect conditioned EVs. The impacts of NSCC-derived EVs on CSC progression were evaluated through sphere formation, cytotoxicity, migration, and invasion assays, and by analyzing surface marker expression on these BC cells. Differential proteomic analyses were conducted to identify cargo protein candidates involved in the EV-mediated communication between NSCCs and CSCs. RESULTS NSCC-derived EVs contained cargo proteins enriched in proteostasis-related functions, and significantly altered the development of CSCs such that they were more intrinsically chemoresistant, aggressive, and better able to undergo self-renewal. CONCLUSIONS We thus identified a novel communication mechanism whereby NSCC-EVs can alter the relative fitness of CSCs to promote disease progression and the acquisition of chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Chung
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 656, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Ryan D Molony
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 656, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yi-Fen Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 656, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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20
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Wang Y, Zhao R, Jiao X, Wu L, Wei Y, Shi F, Zhong J, Xiong L. Small Extracellular Vesicles: Functions and Potential Clinical Applications as Cancer Biomarkers. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101044. [PMID: 34685415 PMCID: PMC8541078 DOI: 10.3390/life11101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer, as the second leading cause of death worldwide, is a major public health concern that imposes a heavy social and economic burden. Effective approaches for either diagnosis or therapy of most cancers are still lacking. Dynamic monitoring and personalized therapy are the main directions for cancer research. Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potential disease biomarkers. Cancer EVs, including small EVs (sEVs), contain unique biomolecules (protein, nucleic acid, and lipids) at various stages of carcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the biogenesis of sEVs, and their functions in cancer, revealing the potential applications of sEVs as cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ruichen Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xueqiao Jiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Longyuan Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yuxuan Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Fuxiu Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Junpei Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lixia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-791-8636-0556
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21
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Jayaseelan VP, Arumugam P. Exosome-derived ncRNAs as potential drivers of epigenetic reprogramming of cancer stem cells. Epigenomics 2021; 13:1439-1441. [PMID: 34596418 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayashree Priyadharsini Jayaseelan
- Clinical Genetics Lab, Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 60077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paramasivam Arumugam
- Molecular Biology Lab, Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 60077, Tamil Nadu, India
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22
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da Costa VR, Araldi RP, Vigerelli H, D’Ámelio F, Mendes TB, Gonzaga V, Policíquio B, Colozza-Gama GA, Valverde CW, Kerkis I. Exosomes in the Tumor Microenvironment: From Biology to Clinical Applications. Cells 2021; 10:2617. [PMID: 34685596 PMCID: PMC8533895 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most important health problems and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the advances in oncology, cancer heterogeneity remains challenging to therapeutics. This is because the exosome-mediated crosstalk between cancer and non-cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to the acquisition of all hallmarks of cancer and leads to the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which exhibit resistance to a range of anticancer drugs. Thus, this review aims to summarize the role of TME-derived exosomes in cancer biology and explore the clinical potential of mesenchymal stem-cell-derived exosomes as a cancer treatment, discussing future prospects of cell-free therapy for cancer treatment and challenges to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Rodrigues da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Hugo Vigerelli
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Fernanda D’Ámelio
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Thais Biude Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Vivian Gonzaga
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Bruna Policíquio
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Gabriel Avelar Colozza-Gama
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | | | - Irina Kerkis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
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23
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Ma Z, Wei K, Yang F, Guo Z, Pan C, He Y, Wang J, Li Z, Chen L, Chen Y, Xia Y. Tumor-derived exosomal miR-3157-3p promotes angiogenesis, vascular permeability and metastasis by targeting TIMP/KLF2 in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:840. [PMID: 34497265 PMCID: PMC8426367 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of death in patients with advanced lung cancer. The exosomes released by cancer cells create tumor microenvironment, and then accelerate tumor metastasis. Cancer-derived exosomes are considered to be the main driving force for metastasis niche formation at foreign sites, but the mechanism in Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is unclear. In metastatic NSCLC patients, the expression level of miR-3157-3p in circulating exosomes was significantly higher than that of non-metastatic NSCLC patients. Here, we found that miR-3157-3p can be transferred from NSCLC cells to vascular endothelial cells through exosomes. Our work indicates that exosome miR-3157-3p is involved in the formation of pre-metastatic niche formation before tumor metastasis and may be used as a blood-based biomarker for NSCLC metastasis. Exosome miR-3157-3p has regulated the expression of VEGF/MMP2/MMP9 and occludin in endothelial cells by targeting TIMP/KLF2, thereby promoted angiogenesis and increased vascular permeability. In addition, exosome miR-3157-3p promoted the metastasis of NSCLC in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengming Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zizhang Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunfeng Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaozhou He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - YiJiang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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24
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Xie D, Pei Q, Li J, Wan X, Ye T. Emerging Role of E2F Family in Cancer Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:723137. [PMID: 34476219 PMCID: PMC8406691 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.723137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F family of transcription factors (E2Fs) consist of eight genes in mammals. These genes encode ten proteins that are usually classified as transcriptional activators or transcriptional repressors. E2Fs are important for many cellular processes, from their canonical role in cell cycle regulation to other roles in angiogenesis, the DNA damage response and apoptosis. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are key players in tumor development, metastasis, drug resistance and recurrence. This review focuses on the role of E2Fs in CSCs and notes that many signals can regulate the activities of E2Fs, which in turn can transcriptionally regulate many different targets to contribute to various biological characteristics of CSCs, such as proliferation, self-renewal, metastasis, and drug resistance. Therefore, E2Fs may be promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets associated with CSCs pathologies. Finally, exploring therapeutic strategies for E2Fs may result in disruption of CSCs, which may prevent tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Pei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Wan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
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25
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Kim S, Ji S, Koh HR. CRISPR as a Diagnostic Tool. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1162. [PMID: 34439828 PMCID: PMC8391464 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system has recently gained growing attention as a diagnostic tool due to its capability of specific gene targeting. It consists of Cas enzymes and a guide RNA (gRNA) that can cleave the target DNA or RNA based on the sequence of the gRNA, making it an attractive genetic engineering technique. In addition to the target-specific binding and cleavage, the trans-cleavage activity was reported for some Cas proteins, including Cas12a and Cas13a, which is to cleave the surrounding single-stranded DNA or RNA upon the target binding of Cas-gRNA complex. All these activities of the CRISPR-Cas system are based on its target-specific binding, making it applied to develop diagnostic methods by detecting the disease-related gene as well as microRNAs and the genetic variations such as single nucleotide polymorphism and DNA methylation. Moreover, it can be applied to detect the non-nucleic acids target such as proteins. In this review, we cover the various CRISPR-based diagnostic methods by focusing on the activity of the CRISPR-Cas system and the form of the target. The CRISPR-based diagnostic methods without target amplification are also introduced briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hye Ran Koh
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.K.); (S.J.)
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Zheng X, Yu C, Xu M. Linking Tumor Microenvironment to Plasticity of Cancer Stem Cells: Mechanisms and Application in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:678333. [PMID: 34262865 PMCID: PMC8273276 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.678333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a minority subset of cancer cells that can drive tumor initiation, promote tumor progression, and induce drug resistance. CSCs are difficult to eliminate by conventional therapies and eventually mediate tumor relapse and metastasis. Moreover, recent studies have shown that CSCs display plasticity that renders them to alter their phenotype and function. Consequently, the varied phenotypes result in varied tumorigenesis, dissemination, and drug-resistance potential, thereby adding to the complexity of tumor heterogeneity and further challenging clinical management of cancers. In recent years, tumor microenvironment (TME) has become a hotspot in cancer research owing to its successful application in clinical tumor immunotherapy. Notably, emerging evidence shows that the TME is involved in regulating CSC plasticity. TME can activate stemness pathways and promote immune escape through cytokines and exosomes secreted by immune cells or stromal cells, thereby inducing non-CSCs to acquire CSC properties and increasing CSC plasticity. However, the relationship between TME and plasticity of CSCs remains poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the emerging investigations on TME and CSC plasticity to illustrate the underlying mechanisms and potential implications in suppressing cancer progression and drug resistance. We consider that this review can help develop novel therapeutic strategies by taking into account the interlink between TME and CSC plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Tumor Targeted and Immune Therapy, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chune Yu
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted and Immune Therapy, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingqing Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Meishan City People's Hospital, Meishan Hospital of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Meishan, China
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27
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Strømme O, Heck KA, Brede G, Lindholm HT, Otterlei M, Arum CJ. Differentially Expressed Extracellular Vesicle-Contained microRNAs before and after Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:286-300. [PMID: 34199766 PMCID: PMC8929081 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is currently diagnosed and monitored by cystoscopy, a costly and invasive procedure. Potential biomarkers in urine, blood, and, more recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), have been explored as non-invasive alternatives for diagnosis and surveillance of BC. EVs are nanovesicles secreted by most cell types containing diverse molecular cargo, including different types of small RNAs, such as microRNA (miRNA). In this study, we performed next-generation sequencing of EV-contained miRNA isolated from urine and serum of 41 patients with non-muscle invasive BC (27 stage Ta, 14 stage T1) and 15 non-cancer patients (NCP) with benign cystoscopy findings. MiRNA sequencing was also performed on serum supernatant samples for T1 patients. To identify potential BC-specific biomarkers, expression levels of miRNA in presurgery samples were compared to those at postsurgery check-ups, and to NCPs. Results showed that two miRNAs, urinary EV-contained miR-451a and miR-486-5p, were significantly upregulated in presurgery samples from T1 patients compared to postsurgery check-up samples. This was confirmed in a replica EV/RNA isolation and sequencing run of 10 T1 patients from the primary run; however, analyses revealed no differential expression of miRNAs in serum EVs, serum supernatant, or when comparing BC patients to NCPs. This is the first study to investigate EV-containing miRNA sequencing in pre- and postsurgery BC patient samples and our findings suggest that urinary EV-contained miR-451a and miR-486-5p may be potential biomarkers for recurrence-free survival of BC patients with stage T1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Strømme
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.A.H.); (G.B.); (M.O.); (C.-J.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kathleen A. Heck
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.A.H.); (G.B.); (M.O.); (C.-J.A.)
| | - Gaute Brede
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.A.H.); (G.B.); (M.O.); (C.-J.A.)
| | - Håvard T. Lindholm
- CEMIR—Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Marit Otterlei
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.A.H.); (G.B.); (M.O.); (C.-J.A.)
| | - Carl-Jørgen Arum
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.A.H.); (G.B.); (M.O.); (C.-J.A.)
- Department of Urology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
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28
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Jouida A, McCarthy C, Fabre A, Keane MP. Exosomes: a new perspective in EGFR-mutated lung cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:589-601. [PMID: 33855679 PMCID: PMC8213600 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are major contributors in cell to cell communication due to their ability to transfer biological material such as protein, RNA, DNA, and miRNA. Additionally, they play a role in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression, and recently, they have emerged as a potential source of information on tumor detection and may be useful as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive tools. This review focuses on exosomes from lung cancer with a focus on EGFR mutations. Here, we outline the role of exosomes and their functional effect in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Finally, we discuss the possibility of exosomes as novel biomarkers in early detection, diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic response in EGFR-mutated lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Jouida
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cormac McCarthy
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aurelie Fabre
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael P Keane
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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29
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Lee NK, Kothandan VK, Kothandan S, Byun Y, Hwang SR. Exosomes and Cancer Stem Cells in Cancer Immunity: Current Reports and Future Directions. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050441. [PMID: 34062950 PMCID: PMC8147426 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into various types of cells, are notorious for their roles in tumor initiation, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Thus, underlying mechanisms for their survival provide key insights into developing effective therapeutic strategies. A more recent focus has been on exosomes that play a role in transmitting information between CSCs and non-CSCs, resulting in activating CSCs for cancer progression and modulating their surrounding microenvironment. The field of CSC-derived exosomes (CSCEXs) for different types of cancer is still under exploration. A deeper understanding and further investigation into CSCEXs’ roles in tumorigenicity and the identification of novel exosomal components are necessary for engineering exosomes for the treatment of cancer. Here, we review the features of CSCEXs, including surface markers, cargo, and biological or physiological functions. Further, reports on the immunomodulatory effects of CSCEXs are summarized, and exosome engineering for CSC-targeting is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (N.-K.L.); (Y.B.)
| | - Vinoth Kumar Kothandan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Sangeetha Kothandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600073, India;
| | - Youngro Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (N.-K.L.); (Y.B.)
| | - Seung-Rim Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Correspondence:
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30
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Danac JMC, Uy AGG, Garcia RL. Exosomal microRNAs in colorectal cancer: Overcoming barriers of the metastatic cascade (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:112. [PMID: 33907829 PMCID: PMC8075282 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The journey of cancer cells from a primary tumor to distant sites is a multi-step process that involves cellular reprogramming, the breaking or breaching of physical barriers and the preparation of a pre-metastatic niche for colonization. The loss of adhesion between cells, cytoskeletal remodeling, the reduction in size and change in cell shape, the destruction of the extracellular matrix, and the modification of the tumor microenvironment facilitate migration and invasion into surrounding tissues. The promotion of vascular leakiness enables intra- and extravasation, while angiogenesis and immune suppression help metastasizing cells become established in the new site. Tumor-derived exosomes have long been known to harbor microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) that help prepare secondary sites for metastasis; however, their roles in the early and intermediate steps of the metastatic cascade are only beginning to be characterized. The present review article presents a summary and discussion of the miRNAs that form part of colorectal cancer (CRC)-derived exosomal cargoes and which play distinct roles in epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity and metastatic organotropism. First, an overview of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastatic organotropism, as well as exosome biogenesis, cargo sorting and uptake by recipient cells is presented. Lastly, the potential of these exosomal miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers for metastatic CRC, and the blocking of these as a possible therapeutic intervention is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Miguel C Danac
- Disease Molecular Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Science Complex, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Aileen Geobee G Uy
- Disease Molecular Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Science Complex, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Reynaldo L Garcia
- Disease Molecular Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Science Complex, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
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31
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Hayat H, Hayat H, Dwan BF, Gudi M, Bishop JO, Wang P. A Concise Review: The Role of Stem Cells in Cancer Progression and Therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2761-2772. [PMID: 33907419 PMCID: PMC8068480 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s260391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have recently gained attention as an avenue of intervention for cancer therapy. In this review, we highlight some of the key roles of CSCs in altering the cellular microenvironment in favor of cancer progression. We also report on various studies in this field which focus on transformative properties of CSCs and their influence on surrounding cells or targets through the release of cellular cargo in the form of extracellular vesicles. The findings from these studies encourage the development of novel interventional therapies that can target and prevent cancer through efficient, more effective methods. These methods include targeting immunosuppressive proteins and biomarkers, promoting immunization against tumors, exosome-mediated CSC conversion, and a focus on the quiescent properties of CSCs and their role in cancer progression. The resulting therapeutic benefit and transformative potential of these novel approaches to stem cell-based cancer therapy provide a new direction in cancer treatment, which can focus on nanoscale, molecular properties of the cellular microenvironment and establish a more precision medicine-oriented paradigm of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasaan Hayat
- Precision Health Program, Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hanaan Hayat
- Precision Health Program, Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bennett Francis Dwan
- Precision Health Program, Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mithil Gudi
- Precision Health Program, Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jack Owen Bishop
- Precision Health Program, Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Precision Health Program, Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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32
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Chen Y, Xu Y, Zhong H, Yuan H, Liang F, Liu J, Tang W. Extracellular vesicles in Inter-Kingdom communication in gastrointestinal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1087-1103. [PMID: 33948347 PMCID: PMC8085842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The production and secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are common features of cells (including various normal cells, neoplastic cell lines as well as bacteria) that span all domains of life. Tumor-derived exosomes are enriched with kinds of tumorigenesis mediators which are derived from the cytoplasm of cancer cells and fully reflect the tumor conditions. Indeed, the major topics and challenges on current oncological research are the identification of tumorigenic and metastatic molecules in tumor-cell-derived exosomes as well as elucidating the pathways that guarantee these components to be included in exosomes. The bacterial EVs have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI) tumors and chronic inflammatory diseases; however, the possible function of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in tumorigenesis remains largely underestimated. We suggest that EVs from both eukaryotic cells and different microbes in GI tract act as regulators of intracellular and cross-species communication, thus particularly facilitate tumor cell survival and multi-drug resistance. Therefore, our review introduces comprehensive knowledge on the promising role of EVs (mainly exosomes and OMVs) production of GI cancer development and gut microbiome, as well as its roles in developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery Guangxi Medical University Cancer HospitalNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal CancerNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Yansong Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery Guangxi Medical University Cancer HospitalNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal CancerNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Huage Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery Guangxi Medical University Cancer HospitalNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal CancerNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery Guangxi Medical University Cancer HospitalNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal CancerNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Liang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery Guangxi Medical University Cancer HospitalNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal CancerNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery Guangxi Medical University Cancer HospitalNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal CancerNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Department of Ultrasound, Guangxi Medical University Cancer HospitalNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Weizhong Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery Guangxi Medical University Cancer HospitalNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal CancerNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
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Akoto T, Saini S. Role of Exosomes in Prostate Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3528. [PMID: 33805398 PMCID: PMC8036381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a life-threatening disease among men worldwide. The majority of PCa-related mortality results from metastatic disease that is characterized by metastasis of prostate tumor cells to various distant organs, such as lung, liver, and bone. Bone metastasis is most common in prostate cancer with osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions. The precise mechanisms underlying PCa metastasis are still being delineated. Intercellular communication is a key feature underlying prostate cancer progression and metastasis. There exists local signaling between prostate cancer cells and cells within the primary tumor microenvironment (TME), in addition to long range signaling wherein tumor cells communicate with sites of future metastases to promote the formation of pre-metastatic niches (PMN) to augment the growth of disseminated tumor cells upon metastasis. Over the last decade, exosomes/ extracellular vesicles have been demonstrated to be involved in such signaling. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles (EVs), between 30 and 150 nm in thickness, that originate and are released from cells after multivesicular bodies (MVB) fuse with the plasma membrane. These vesicles consist of lipid bilayer membrane enclosing a cargo of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication by transferring their cargo to recipient cells to modulate target cellular functions. In this review, we discuss the contribution of exosomes/extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer progression, in pre-metastatic niche establishment, and in organ-specific metastases. In addition, we briefly discuss the clinical significance of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Akoto
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Sharanjot Saini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are capable of continuous proliferation and self-renewal and are proposed to play significant roles in oncogenesis, tumor growth, metastasis, and cancer recurrence. CSCs are considered derived from normal stem cells affected by the inflammatory microenvironment. Stem cells, are considered to be induced into progenitor cells, which differentiate into various normal phenotypes depending on the normal niche. We hypothesized that CSCs could be derived from stem cells in the cancer-inducing niche, which is a condition of chronic inflammation rich in growth factors, interleukins, chemokines, etc. Exosomes are considered to be the key mediators responsible for the cell-to-cell communications carrying proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, etc., to shuttle between cells. If these cells are in the environment of chronic inflammation, the exosomes should be reflecting the conditions. In this chapter, we detail the method of CSC initiation using extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from cancer cell. The stem cells treated with the EVs acquired characteristics of CSCs showing spheroids expressing stemness markers in the suspension culture and high tumorigenicity in Balb/c nude mice. EVs might perform as suitable inducer for initiating CSCs from stem cells or progenitor cells. The model of CSCs and the procedure of their establishment with EVs will help study the exact effect of EVs in the cancer-inducing niche and tumor microenvironment.
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35
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Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Cancer Metastasis. Subcell Biochem 2021; 97:275-296. [PMID: 33779921 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is a complex disease associated with poor prognosis and accounts for the majority of cancer related deaths. To date, many of the molecular mechanisms driving metastatic disease remain elusive and require further investigation for the development of effective treatment strategies. Recent studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be exploited by tumors to assist in cancer cell growth, proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. Cancer cells have proven efficient in educating fibroblasts, within their microenvironment, to secrete EVs as communicative vessels for mediating phenotypic changes in recipient cells. Using this vesicular delivery system, cancer cells can establish a new metastatic niche within distant sites, away from the primary tumor, thus favoring cancer progression. These findings demonstrate the availability of a new route for therapeutic intervention in the inhibition of cancer dissemination. Although, several approaches to target cancer cell secretion of EVs are detailed in the literature, there is still no defined way to currently apply them in clinical settings. Hence, further studies are required to unravel the molecular mechanisms of metastasis - governed by the establishment and release of cancer associated EVs.
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36
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Khan AQ, Akhtar S, Prabhu KS, Zarif L, Khan R, Alam M, Buddenkotte J, Ahmad A, Steinhoff M, Uddin S. Exosomes: Emerging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Cutaneous Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239264. [PMID: 33291683 PMCID: PMC7730213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest human organ and is continuously exposed to various exogenous and endogenous trigger factors affecting body homeostasis. A number of mechanisms, including genetic, inflammatory and autoimmune ones, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cutaneous diseases. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the role that extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, play in human diseases, through their modulation of multiple signaling pathways. Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles secreted by all cell types. They function as cargo carriers shuttling proteins, nucleic acids, lipids etc., thus impacting the cell-cell communications and transfer of vital information/moieties critical for skin homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. This review summarizes the available knowledge on how exosomes affect pathogenesis of cutaneous diseases, and highlights their potential as future targets for the therapy of various skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Q. Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (K.S.P.); (M.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Sabah Akhtar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.); (L.Z.)
| | - Kirti S. Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (K.S.P.); (M.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Lubna Zarif
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.); (L.Z.)
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India;
| | - Majid Alam
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (K.S.P.); (M.A.); (J.B.)
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Joerg Buddenkotte
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (K.S.P.); (M.A.); (J.B.)
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.S.); (S.U.); Tel.: +974-40253220 (S.U.)
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (K.S.P.); (M.A.); (J.B.)
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.S.); (S.U.); Tel.: +974-40253220 (S.U.)
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (K.S.P.); (M.A.); (J.B.)
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.S.); (S.U.); Tel.: +974-40253220 (S.U.)
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García-Heredia JM, Otero-Albiol D, Pérez M, Pérez-Castejón E, Muñoz-Galván S, Carnero A. Breast tumor cells promotes the horizontal propagation of EMT, stemness, and metastasis by transferring the MAP17 protein between subsets of neoplastic cells. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:96. [PMID: 33106480 PMCID: PMC7589521 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MAP17 (PDZK1IP1) is a small protein regulating inflammation and tumor progression, upregulated in a broad range of carcinomas. MAP17 levels increase during tumor progression in a large percentage of advanced tumors. In the present work, we explored the role of this protein shaping tumor evolution. Here we show that in breast cancer, cells increased MAP17 levels in tumors by demethylation induced multiple changes in gene expression through specific miRNAs downregulation. These miRNA changes are dependent on Notch pathway activation. As a consequence, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness are induced promoting the metastatic potential of these cells both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, MAP17 increased the exosomes in tumor cells, where MAP17 was released as cargo, and this horizontal propagation also increased the EMT in the recipient cells. Importantly, an antibody against MAP17 in the media reduces the EMT and stemness alterations promoted by the conditioned media from MAP17-expressing cells. Therefore, MAP17 expression promotes the horizontal propagation of EMT and metastasis by transferring the MAP17 protein between subsets of neoplastic cells. Thus, MAP17 can be used to describe a new mechanism for cell malignity at distance, without the involvement of genetic or epigenetic modifications. MAP17 can also be taken in consideration as new target for metastatic high-grade breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel García-Heredia
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,CIBER de Cancer, Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Otero-Albiol
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.,CIBER de Cancer, Seville, Spain
| | - Marco Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.,CIBER de Cancer, Seville, Spain
| | - Elena Pérez-Castejón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Sandra Muñoz-Galván
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.,CIBER de Cancer, Seville, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain. .,CIBER de Cancer, Seville, Spain.
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Role of extracellular vesicles in tumour microenvironment. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:163. [PMID: 33081785 PMCID: PMC7574205 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be released by almost all cell types, and detected in most body fluids. In the tumour microenvironment (TME), EVs serve as a transport medium for lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. EVs participate in various steps involved in the development and progression of malignant tumours by initiating or suppressing various signalling pathways in recipient cells. Although tumour-derived EVs (T-EVs) are known for orchestrating tumour progression via systemic pathways, EVs from non-malignant cells (nmEVs) also contribute substantially to malignant tumour development. Tumour cells and non-malignant cells typically communicate with each other, both determining the progress of the disease. In this review, we summarise the features of both T-EVs and nmEVs, tumour progression, metastasis, and EV-mediated chemoresistance in the TME. The physiological and pathological effects involved include but are not limited to angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, and immune escape. We discuss potential future directions of the clinical application of EVs, including diagnosis (as non-invasive biomarkers via liquid biopsy) and therapeutic treatment. This may include disrupting EV biogenesis and function, thus utilising the features of EVs to repurpose them as a therapeutic tool in immunotherapy and drug delivery systems. We also discuss the overall findings of current studies, identify some outstanding issues requiring resolution, and propose some potential directions for future research. Video abstract.
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Tsering T, Laskaris A, Abdouh M, Bustamante P, Parent S, Jin E, Ferrier ST, Arena G, Burnier JV. Uveal Melanoma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Display Transforming Potential and Carry Protein Cargo Involved in Metastatic Niche Preparation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102923. [PMID: 33050649 PMCID: PMC7600758 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry molecules derived from donor cells and are able to alter the properties of recipient cells. They are important players during the genesis and progression of tumors. Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults and is associated with a high rate of metastasis, primarily to the liver. However, the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. In the present study, we analyzed the oncogenic potential of UM-derived EVs and their protein signature. We isolated and characterized EVs from five UM cell lines and from normal choroidal melanocytes (NCMs). BRCA1-deficient fibroblasts (Fibro-BKO) were exposed to the EVs and analyzed for their growth in vitro and their reprograming potential in vivo following inoculation into NOD-SCID mice. Mass spectrometry of proteins from UM-EVs and NCM-EVs was performed to determine a protein signature that could elucidate potential key players in UM progression. In-depth analyses showed the presence of exosomal markers, and proteins involved in cell-cell and focal adhesion, endocytosis, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Notably, we observed high expression levels of HSP90, HSP70 and integrin V in UM-EVs. Our data bring new evidence on the involvement of UM-EVs in cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thupten Tsering
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (T.T.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (E.J.); (S.T.F.); (G.A.)
| | - Alexander Laskaris
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (T.T.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (E.J.); (S.T.F.); (G.A.)
| | - Mohamed Abdouh
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (T.T.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (E.J.); (S.T.F.); (G.A.)
| | - Prisca Bustamante
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (T.T.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (E.J.); (S.T.F.); (G.A.)
| | - Sabrina Parent
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (T.T.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (E.J.); (S.T.F.); (G.A.)
| | - Eva Jin
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (T.T.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (E.J.); (S.T.F.); (G.A.)
| | - Sarah Tadhg Ferrier
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (T.T.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (E.J.); (S.T.F.); (G.A.)
| | - Goffredo Arena
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (T.T.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (E.J.); (S.T.F.); (G.A.)
- Ospedale Giuseppe Giglio Fondazione San Raffaele Cefalu Sicily, 90015 Cefalu, Italy
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Julia V. Burnier
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (T.T.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (P.B.); (S.P.); (E.J.); (S.T.F.); (G.A.)
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, McGill University, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-934-1934 (ext. 76307)
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Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102825. [PMID: 33007968 PMCID: PMC7600903 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles found throughout the body. EVs are released by living cells and contain cargo representing the cell of origin. In recent years, EVs have gained attention in cancer research. Since the cargo found inside EVs can be traced back to the cell of origin, EVs shed from cancer cells, in particular, may be used to better describe and characterize a patient’s tumor. EVs have been found and isolated from a variety of bodily fluids, including blood, saliva, and amniotic fluid, and therefore offer a non-invasive way of also diagnosing and monitoring patients before, during, and after cancer immunotherapy. The aim of this review article was to summarize some of the recent work conducted in this field and the challenges we face moving forward in utilizing EVs for cancer diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in cancer immunotherapy in the clinical setting. Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are membrane-bound vesicles secreted by most cell types during both physiologic conditions as well in response to cellular stress. EVs play an important role in intercellular communication and are emerging as key players in tumor immunology. Tumor-derived EVs (TDEs) harbor a diverse array of tumor neoantigens and contain unique molecular signature that is reflective of tumor’s underlying genetic complexity. As such they offer a glimpse into the immune tumor microenvironment (TME) and have the potential to be a novel, minimally invasive biomarker for cancer immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), such as anti- programmed death-1(PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) antibodies, have revolutionized the treatment of a wide variety of solid tumors including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and others. Typically, an invasive tissue biopsy is required both for histologic diagnosis and next-generation sequencing efforts; the latter have become more widespread in daily clinical practice. There is an unmet need for noninvasive or minimally invasive (e.g., plasma-based) biomarkers both for diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Targeted analysis of EVs in biospecimens, such as plasma and saliva could serve this purpose by potentially obviating the need for tissue sample. In this review, we describe the current challenges of biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy as well as the mechanistic role of TDEs in modulating antitumor immune response.
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Exosomal lncRNA DOCK9-AS2 derived from cancer stem cell-like cells activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway to aggravate stemness, proliferation, migration, and invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:743. [PMID: 32917852 PMCID: PMC7486896 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02827-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial factors that mediate the extracellular communication in tumor microenvironment. DOCK9 antisense RNA2 (DOCK9-AS2) is an exosomal lncRNA which has not been investigated in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Based on the result of differentially expressed lncRNAs in PTC via bioinformatics databases, we discovered that DOCK9-AS2 was upregulated in PTC, and presented elevation in plasma exosomes of PTC patients. Functionally, DOCK9-AS2 knockdown reduced proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) and stemness in PTC cells. PTC-CSCs transmitted exosomal DOCK9-AS2 to improve stemness of PTC cells. Mechanistically, DOCK9-AS2 interacted with SP1 to induce catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1) transcription and sponged microRNA-1972 (miR-1972) to upregulate CTNNB1, thereby activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway in PTC cells. In conclusion, PTC-CSCs-derived exosomal lncRNA DOCK9-AS2 activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway to aggravate PTC progression, indicating that DOCK9-AS2 was a potential target for therapies in PTC.
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Dai J, Su Y, Zhong S, Cong L, Liu B, Yang J, Tao Y, He Z, Chen C, Jiang Y. Exosomes: key players in cancer and potential therapeutic strategy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:145. [PMID: 32759948 PMCID: PMC7406508 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by most eukaryotic cells and participate in intercellular communication. The components of exosomes, including proteins, DNA, mRNA, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, circular RNA, etc., which play a crucial role in regulating tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in the process of cancer development, and can be used as a prognostic marker and/or grading basis for tumor patients. Hereby, we mainly summarized as followed: the role of exosome contents in cancer, focusing on proteins and noncoding RNA; the interaction between exosomes and tumor microenvironment; the mechanisms that epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and migration of tumor affected by exosomes; and tumor suppression strategies based on exosomes. Finally, the application potential of exosomes in clinical tumor diagnosis and therapy is prospected, which providing theoretical supports for using exosomes to serve precise tumor treatment in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yangzhou Su
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Suye Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Li Cong
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Bang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Junjun Yang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Zuping He
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yiqun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Tang D, Xu X, Ying J, Xie T, Cao G. Transfer of metastatic traits via miR-200c in extracellular vesicles derived from colorectal cancer stem cells is inhibited by atractylenolide I. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e139. [PMID: 32898324 PMCID: PMC7423185 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are important factors contributing to tumorigenesis. We examined whether CSCs isolated from colorectal cancer (CRC) cells possess metastatic properties that can be transferred to non-CSCs via the delivery of miR-200c enclosed in extracellular vesicles (EVs). The inhibitory effect of atractylenolide I (ATL-1), a traditional Chinese medicinal compound, on miR-200c activity and metastatic transfer was investigated. EVs were isolated from colorectal CSCs. The expression of miR-200c was evaluated in CSCs and CSC-derived EVs, and horizontal transfer of metastatic properties via EVs to non-CSCs was investigated in terms of cell behavior and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. CSCs isolated from metastatic CRC cells exhibited higher levels of miR-200c than those in nonmetastatic CRC cells. Overexpression of miR-200c in CSCs enhanced metastatic potential by promoting proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, in turn leading to the release of EVs carrying an excess of miR-200c. Non-CSCs co-cultured with miR-200c-containing EVs exhibited enhanced invasion and stemness maintenance associated with PI3K/Akt/mTOR activation, demonstrating successful metastatic transfer via EV delivery. Furthermore, ATL-1 impaired the EV-mediated transfer of metastatic properties by suppressing miR-200c activity and disrupting EV uptake by non-CSCs. EVs are critical signal transducers that facilitate intercellular communication and exchange of metastatic properties, which can be controlled by ATL-1. The findings are useful in the development of microRNA-based anticancer strategies by targeting EV-mediated activity, especially using natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Tang
- School of PharmacyZhe jiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- First Affiliated HospitalGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuiyangChina
| | - Xiaofen Xu
- School of PharmacyZhe jiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jialiang Ying
- School of PharmacyZhe jiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Tian Xie
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Gang Cao
- School of PharmacyZhe jiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
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Aramini B, Masciale V, Haider KH. Defining lung cancer stem cells exosomal payload of miRNAs in clinical perspective. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:406-421. [PMID: 32742559 PMCID: PMC7360993 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first publication regarding the existence of stem cells in cancer [cancer stem cells (CSCs)] in 1994, many studies have been published providing in-depth information about their biology and function. This research has paved the way in terms of appreciating the role of CSCs in tumour aggressiveness, progression, recurrence and resistance to cancer therapy. Targeting CSCs for cancer therapy has still not progressed to a sufficient degree, particularly in terms of exploring the mechanism of dynamic interconversion between CSCs and non-CSCs. Besides the CSC scenario, the problem of cancer dissemination has been analyzed in-depth with the identification and isolation of microRNAs (miRs), which are now considered to be compelling molecular markers in the diagnosis and prognosis of tumours in general and specifically in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Paracrine release of miRs via “exosomes” (small membrane vesicles (30-100 nm), the derivation of which lies in the luminal membranes of multi-vesicular bodies) released by fusion with the cell membrane is gaining popularity. Whether exosomes play a significant role in maintaining a dynamic equilibrium state between CSCs and non-CSCs and their mechanism of activity is as yet unknown. Future studies on CSC-related exosomes will provide new perspectives for precision-targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Aramini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41124, Italy
| | - Valentina Masciale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41124, Italy
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Naseri M, Bozorgmehr M, Zöller M, Ranaei Pirmardan E, Madjd Z. Tumor-derived exosomes: the next generation of promising cell-free vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1779991. [PMID: 32934883 PMCID: PMC7466856 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1779991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of immunogenic tumor antigens that are efficiently processed and delivered by dendritic cells to prime the immune system and to induce an appropriate immune response is a research hotspot in the field of cancer vaccine development. High biosafety is an additional demand. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) are nanosized lipid bilayer encapsulated vesicles that shuttle bioactive information to the tumor microenvironment facilitating tumor progression. However, accumulating evidence points toward the capacity of TEXs to efficiently stimulate immune responses against tumors provided they are appropriately administered. After briefly describing the function of exosomes in cancer biology and their communication with immune cells, we summarize in this review in vitro and preclinical studies eliciting the potency of TEXs in inducing effective anti-tumor responses and recently modified strategies further improving TEX-vaccination efficacy. We interpret the available data as TEXs becoming a lead in cancer vaccination based on tumor antigen-selective high immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Naseri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Bozorgmehr
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Margot Zöller
- Section Pancreas Research, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ehsan Ranaei Pirmardan
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-imaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Role of Exosomal miRNAs and the Tumor Microenvironment in Drug Resistance. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061450. [PMID: 32545155 PMCID: PMC7349227 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of different cellular populations, such as stromal, immune, endothelial, and cancer stem cells. TME represents a key factor for tumor heterogeneity maintenance, tumor progression, and drug resistance. The transport of molecules via extracellular vesicles emerged as a key messenger in intercellular communication in the TME. Exosomes are small double-layered lipid extracellular vesicles that can carry a variety of molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Exosomal miRNA released by cancer cells can mediate phenotypical changes in the cells of TME to promote tumor growth and therapy resistance, for example, fibroblast- and macrophages-induced differentiation. Cancer stem cells can transfer and enhance drug resistance in neighboring sensitive cancer cells by releasing exosomal miRNAs that target antiapoptotic and immune-suppressive pathways. Exosomes induce drug resistance by carrying ABC transporters, which export chemotherapeutic agents out of the recipient cells, thereby reducing the drug concentration to suboptimal levels. Exosome biogenesis inhibitors represent a promising adjunct therapeutic approach in cancer therapy to avoid the acquisition of a resistant phenotype. In conclusion, exosomal miRNAs play a crucial role in the TME to confer drug resistance and survivability to tumor cells, and we also highlight the need for further investigations in this promising field.
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Litviakov N, Ibragimova M, Tsyganov M, Kazantseva P, Deryusheva I, Pevzner A, Doroshenko A, Garbukov E, Tarabanovskaya N, Slonimskaya E. Amplifications of stemness genes and the capacity of breast tumors for metastasis. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1988-2001. [PMID: 32523653 PMCID: PMC7260118 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The phenomenon of non-CSC (cancer stem cell) to CSC plasticity has been previously described in multiple studies and occurs during the ectopic expression of stemness genes such as OCT3, SOX2, KLF4, MYC, NOTCH1, and NANOG. In our opinion, acquiring the ability to ectopically express stemness genes, selected by bioinformatics analysis and, accordingly, non-CSC to CSC plasticity, is due to amplification of genes at the following locations: 3q, 5p, 6p, 7q, 8q, 13q, 9p, 9q, 10p, 10q21.1, 16p, 18chr, 19p. This paper demonstrates the significance of stemness gene amplifications leading to metastasis and stem-like cancer cell activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In our studies, stemness gene amplifications were determined using the CytoScan HD Array. We studied the association of changes in stemness gene amplifications in tumors with metastasis treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in 50 patients with breast cancer. We used qPCR to evaluate the expression of 13 stemness genes in tumors before and after NAC in 98 patients with breast cancer. Using primary cultures from the breast tumor of patient St23784/17 with stemness gene amplifications (SOX2, MYC, KLF4, NOTCH1, NODAL) and patient Ti41749/17 without stemness gene amplifications in the tumor, we studied the expression of stemness genes, proliferative tumor stem-cell activity, mammosphere formation, and expression of the CD44 tumor stem cell marker. RESULTS The occurrence of amplifications at regions of stemness gene localization during NAC (22% cases) in residual tumors was associated with a very high metastasis rate (91% cases). Eliminating tumor clones with stemness gene amplifications using NAC (42% cases) led to 100% metastasis-free survival. In patients who developed hematogenic metastases after treatment, the expression of 7/13 stemness genes in the residual tumor after NAC was statistically higher than in patients without metastases. Primary cultures of EpCam+ tumor cells from patients with stemness gene amplifications revealed high proliferative activity. After the 3rd passage, the number of tumor cells increased 30-fold. Due to IL-6, this cell population showed a 2.5-fold increase in the EpCam+CD44hiCD24-/low and 2-fold decrease in the EpCam+CD44lowCD24- subpopulations of tumor stem cells; the formation of mammospheres was also observed. Primary cultures of EpCam+ tumor cells from the patient with no stemness gene amplifications had relatively low proliferative activity. IL-6 caused a 2.3-fold increase in the EpCam+CD44lowCD24- and 2-fold decrease in the EpCam+CD44hiCD24-/low subpopulations of tumor stem cells with no induction of mammospheres. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that stemness gene amplifications in tumor cells are associated with metastasis and determine their potential stem property activation and non-CSC to CSC plasticity with the formation of EpCam+CD44hiCD24-/low cells, active proliferation, mammosphere formation, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Litviakov
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia.,Biological Institute of National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina Ibragimova
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia.,Biological Institute of National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Matvey Tsyganov
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Polina Kazantseva
- Department of General Oncology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Irina Deryusheva
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alina Pevzner
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Artem Doroshenko
- Department of General Oncology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Eugeny Garbukov
- Department of General Oncology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Elena Slonimskaya
- Department of General Oncology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Tumor-Derived Exosomes in Immunosuppression and Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:6272498. [PMID: 32537468 PMCID: PMC7261328 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6272498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are involved in cancer development, metastasis, and disease progression. They can modulate angiogenesis to elevate the malignant degree of tumor cells. TEX carry immunosuppressive factors affecting the antitumor activities of immune cells. Tumor cells as well as immune cells secrete immunologically active exosomes which affect intercellular communication, antigen presentation, activation of immune cells, and immune surveillance. Cell proliferation and immune response suppression create a favorable microenvironment for tumor. TEX can inhibit immune cell proliferation, induce apoptosis of activated CD8+ Teffs, suppress NK cell activity, interfere with monocyte differentiation, and promote Treg as well as MDSC expansion. Exosomes of microenvironment cells may also contribute to the development of drug resistance in cancer therapy. An important role of TEX in modulating the sensitivity of tumor cells to immunotherapy is a promising area of research to make the cancer therapy more successful.
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Revisiting Cancer Stem Cells as the Origin of Cancer-Associated Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: A Hypothetical View from the Potential of iPSCs. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040879. [PMID: 32260363 PMCID: PMC7226406 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has an essential role in tumor initiation and development. Tumor cells are considered to actively create their microenvironment during tumorigenesis and tumor development. The TME contains multiple types of stromal cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), Tumor endothelial cells (TECs), tumor-associated adipocytes (TAAs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and others. These cells work together and with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and many other factors to coordinately contribute to tumor growth and maintenance. Although the types and functions of TME cells are well understood, the origin of these cells is still obscure. Many scientists have tried to demonstrate the origin of these cells. Some researchers postulated that TME cells originated from surrounding normal tissues, and others demonstrated that the origin is cancer cells. Recent evidence demonstrates that cancer stem cells (CSCs) have differentiation abilities to generate the original lineage cells for promoting tumor growth and metastasis. The differentiation of CSCs into tumor stromal cells provides a new dimension that explains tumor heterogeneity. Using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), our group postulates that CSCs could be one of the key sources of CAFs, TECs, TAAs, and TAMs as well as the descendants, which support the self-renewal potential of the cells and exhibit heterogeneity. In this review, we summarize TME components, their interactions within the TME and their insight into cancer therapy. Especially, we focus on the TME cells and their possible origin and also discuss the multi-lineage differentiation potentials of CSCs exploiting iPSCs to create a society of cells in cancer tissues including TME.
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50
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Garcia-Mayea Y, Mir C, Masson F, Paciucci R, LLeonart ME. Insights into new mechanisms and models of cancer stem cell multidrug resistance. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 60:166-180. [PMID: 31369817 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of genetic alterations, clonal evolution, and the tumor microenvironment promote cancer progression, metastasis and therapy resistance. These events correspond to the establishment of the great phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity of cancer cells that contribute to tumor progression and resistant disease. Targeting resistant cancers is a major challenge in oncology; however, the underlying processes are not yet fully understood. Even though current treatments can reduce tumor size and increase life expectancy, relapse and multidrug resistance (MDR) ultimately remain the second cause of death in developed countries. Recent evidence points toward stem-like phenotypes in cancer cells, promoted by cancer stem cells (CSCs), as the main culprit of cancer relapse, resistance (radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and/or chemotherapy) and metastasis. Many mechanisms have been proposed for CSC resistance, such as drug efflux through ABC transporters, overactivation of the DNA damage response (DDR), apoptosis evasion, prosurvival pathways activation, cell cycle promotion and/or cell metabolic alterations. Nonetheless, targeted therapy toward these specific CSC mechanisms is only partially effective to prevent or abolish resistance, suggesting underlying additional causes for CSC resilience. This article aims to provide an integrated picture of the MDR mechanisms that operate in CSCs' behavior and to propose a novel model of tumor evolution during chemotherapy. Targeting the pathways mentioned here might hold promise and reveal new strategies for future clinical therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Garcia-Mayea
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Passeig Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Mir
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Passeig Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Masson
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Passeig Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Paciucci
- Clinical Biochemistry Group, Vall d'Hebron Hospital and Vall d´Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M E LLeonart
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Passeig Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology, CIBERONC, Spain.
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