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de Luna FCF, Ferreira WAS, Casseb SMM, de Oliveira EHC. Anticancer Potential of Flavonoids: An Overview with an Emphasis on Tangeretin. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1229. [PMID: 37765037 PMCID: PMC10537037 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds with pharmacological activity, flavonoids have been the subject of an exponential increase in studies in the field of scientific research focused on therapeutic purposes due to their bioactive properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antibacterial, antiviral, neuroprotective, radioprotective, and antitumor activities. The biological potential of flavonoids, added to their bioavailability, cost-effectiveness, and minimal side effects, direct them as promising cytotoxic anticancer compounds in the optimization of therapies and the search for new drugs in the treatment of cancer, since some extensively antineoplastic therapeutic approaches have become less effective due to tumor resistance to drugs commonly used in chemotherapy. In this review, we emphasize the antitumor properties of tangeretin, a flavonoid found in citrus fruits that has shown activity against some hallmarks of cancer in several types of cancerous cell lines, such as antiproliferative, apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic, antioxidant, regulatory expression of tumor-suppressor genes, and epigenetic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SEAMB), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), BR 316, KM 7, s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil; (W.A.S.F.); (E.H.C.d.O.)
| | - Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SEAMB), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), BR 316, KM 7, s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil; (W.A.S.F.); (E.H.C.d.O.)
| | | | - Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SEAMB), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), BR 316, KM 7, s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil; (W.A.S.F.); (E.H.C.d.O.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém 66075-990, Brazil
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Xu DC, Wang L, Yamada KM, Baena-Lopez LA. Non-apoptotic activation of Drosophila caspase-2/9 modulates JNK signaling, the tumor microenvironment, and growth of wound-like tumors. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110718. [PMID: 35443185 PMCID: PMC9082238 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis due to caspase deregulation is considered one of the main hallmarks of cancer. However, the discovery of novel non-apoptotic caspase functions has revealed unknown intricacies about the interplay between these enzymes and tumor progression. To investigate this biological problem, we capitalized on a Drosophila tumor model with human relevance based on the simultaneous overactivation of the EGFR and the JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Our data indicate that widespread non-apoptotic activation of initiator caspases limits JNK signaling and facilitates cell fate commitment in these tumors, thus preventing the overgrowth and exacerbation of malignant features of transformed cells. Intriguingly, caspase activity also reduces the presence of macrophage-like cells with tumor-promoting properties in the tumor microenvironment. These findings assign tumor-suppressing activities to caspases independent of apoptosis, while providing molecular details to better understand the contribution of these enzymes to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Cui Xu
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Li Wang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA.
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Hounsell C, Fan Y. The Duality of Caspases in Cancer, as Told through the Fly. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8927. [PMID: 34445633 PMCID: PMC8396359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases, a family of cysteine-aspartic proteases, have an established role as critical components in the activation and initiation of apoptosis. Alongside this a variety of non-apoptotic caspase functions in proliferation, differentiation, cellular plasticity and cell migration have been reported. The activity level and context are important factors in determining caspase function. As a consequence of their critical role in apoptosis and beyond, caspases are uniquely situated to have pathological roles, including in cancer. Altered caspase function is a common trait in a variety of cancers, with apoptotic evasion defined as a "hallmark of cancer". However, the role that caspases play in cancer is much more complex, acting both to prevent and to promote tumourigenesis. This review focuses on the major findings in Drosophila on the dual role of caspases in tumourigenesis. This has major implications for cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, with the activation of apoptosis being the end goal. However, such treatments may inadvertently have adverse effects on promoting tumour progression and acerbating the cancer. A comprehensive understanding of the dual role of caspases will aid in the development of successful cancer therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun Fan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
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Song YG, Kang L, Tian S, Cui LL, Li Y, Bai M, Fang XY, Cao LH, Coleman K, Miao MS. Study on the anti-hepatocarcinoma effect and molecular mechanism of Prunella vulgaris total flavonoids. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 273:113891. [PMID: 33675913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The traditional use of Prunella vulgaris is for the treatment of liver cancer in a few areas of China. At present, it is used primarily for the treatment of thyroid cancer, throat cancer, and lymphosarcoma among others. However, there are few current scientific reports regarding its use for the treatment of liver cancer. In this paper, the effective treatment for liver cancer is studied to provide an experimental basis for the application of Prunella vulgaris, which is related to preparations in the treatment of liver cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY To study the anti-hepatocarcinoma effect of Prunella vulgaris total flavonoids and explores the possible molecular mechanism. METHODS The effects of Prunella vulgaris total flavonoids on the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells were respected by RTCA analysis system. The tumor volume and weight were found in H22 tumor bearing mice. ELISA was used to observe the apoptosis and autophagy protein expressions in tumor tissue homogenate, along with the immune serum factor. Tumor tissue apoptosis was respected by the TUNEL method. And Bax, Bcl2, PI3K, Akt, mTOR, Beclin-1 and LC3-I/LC3-II expression were observed through Western blot. We also observed the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3-I/LC3-II through immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The total flavonoids of Prunella vulgaris inhibited the activity of SMMC-7721 cells, and reduced the tumor volume and weight in H22 tumor bearing mice. HE staining showed that the Prunella vulgaris total flavonoids inhibited liver metastasis of H22 tumor. The Prunella vulgaris total flavonoids significantly made the expressions of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ immune factors increasing in the serum of tumor bearing mice, and the contents of caspase-3 and caspase-9 increase as well in tumor tissue homogenate. TUNEL showed that the mean density in the intervention group was significantly higher than that in the control group. P62 content in tumor tissue homogenate increased and ATG5 decreased after intervention. Immunohistochemistry showed Beclin-1 expression decreased and LC3-I/LC3-II increased in the tumor tissue. Western blot showed Bcl2, Beclin-1 expression decreased and Bax, PI3K, Akt, mTOR, LC3-I/LC3-II increased in the tumor tissue. CONCLUSION Prunella vulgaris total flavonoids have an obvious anti-hepatocarcinoma effect, and the mechanism may be linked to the inhibition of autophagy and promotion of apoptosis in liver cancer cells. The inhibition of autophagy may be related to activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Gang Song
- International TCM Immunopharmacology Research Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Shuo Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Ming Bai
- Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Li-Hua Cao
- International TCM Immunopharmacology Research Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Kimberly Coleman
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Ming-San Miao
- Graduate School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Sharma V, Fernando V, Letson J, Walia Y, Zheng X, Fackelman D, Furuta S. S-Nitrosylation in Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094600. [PMID: 33925645 PMCID: PMC8124305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a selective and reversible post-translational modification of protein thiols by nitric oxide (NO), which is a bioactive signaling molecule, to exert a variety of effects. These effects include the modulation of protein conformation, activity, stability, and protein-protein interactions. S-nitrosylation plays a central role in propagating NO signals within a cell, tissue, and tissue microenvironment, as the nitrosyl moiety can rapidly be transferred from one protein to another upon contact. This modification has also been reported to confer either tumor-suppressing or tumor-promoting effects and is portrayed as a process involved in every stage of cancer progression. In particular, S-nitrosylation has recently been found as an essential regulator of the tumor microenvironment (TME), the environment around a tumor governing the disease pathogenesis. This review aims to outline the effects of S-nitrosylation on different resident cells in the TME and the diverse outcomes in a context-dependent manner. Furthermore, we will discuss the therapeutic potentials of modulating S-nitrosylation levels in tumors.
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ShujaaEdin HY, AL-Haj NA, Rasedee A, Alitheen NB, Kadir AA, How CW, Rahman HS, Abdullah ASH. Recombinant Human erythropoietin reduces viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells from 3D culture without caspase activation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2549-2557. [PMID: 33935571 PMCID: PMC8071958 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is the erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone that is being used concurrently with chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of anemia of cancer. The effect of rHuEPO on cancer cells in 3-dimensional (3D) cultures is not known. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of rHuEPO on the viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells from 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D cell cultures. The monolayer MCF-7 cells from 2D culture and MCF-7 cell from 3D culture generated by ultra-low adhesive microplate technique, were treated with 0, 0.1, 10, 100 or 200 IU/mL rHuEPO for 24, 48 or 72 h. The effects of rHuEPO on MCF-7 cell viability and proliferation were determined using the (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay (MTT), neutral red retention time (NRRT), trypan blue exclusion assay (TBE), DNA fragmentation, acridine orange/propidium iodide staining (AO/PI) assays. The MCF-7 cells for 3D culture were also subjected to caspase assays and cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry. rHuEPO appeared to have greater effect at lowering the viability of MCF-7 cells from 3D than 2D cultures. rHuEPO significantly (p < 0.05) decreased viability and down-regulated the caspase activities of 3D MCF-7 cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. The cell cycle analysis showed that rHuEPO caused MCF-7 cells to enter the subG0/G1 phase. Thus, the study suggests that rHuEPO has a cytostatic effect on the MCF-7 breast cancer cells from 3D culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagi A. AL-Haj
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Yemen
| | - Abdullah Rasedee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Chee Wun How
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Arthurton L, Nahotko DA, Alonso J, Wendler F, Baena‐Lopez LA. Non-apoptotic caspase activation preserves Drosophila intestinal progenitor cells in quiescence. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48892. [PMID: 33135280 PMCID: PMC7726796 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase malfunction in stem cells often precedes the appearance and progression of multiple types of cancer, including human colorectal cancer. However, the caspase-dependent regulation of intestinal stem cell properties remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Dronc, the Drosophila ortholog of caspase-9/2 in mammals, limits the number of intestinal progenitor cells and their entry into the enterocyte differentiation programme. Strikingly, these unexpected roles for Dronc are non-apoptotic and have been uncovered under experimental conditions without epithelial replenishment. Supporting the non-apoptotic nature of these functions, we show that they require the enzymatic activity of Dronc, but are largely independent of the apoptotic pathway. Alternatively, our genetic and functional data suggest that they are linked to the caspase-mediated regulation of Notch signalling. Our findings provide novel insights into the non-apoptotic, caspase-dependent modulation of stem cell properties that could improve our understanding of the origin of intestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Arthurton
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordshireUK
| | | | - Jana Alonso
- Laboratorio de Agrobiología Juan José Bravo Rodríguez (Cabildo Insular de La Palma)Unidad Técnica del IPNA‐CSICSanta Cruz de La PalmaSpain
| | - Franz Wendler
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordshireUK
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8
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A decade in unravelling the etiology of gastric carcinogenesis in Kashmir, India – A high risk region. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Barboza JR, Pereira FAN, Fernandes RA, Vasconcelos CC, Cartágenes MDSDS, Oliveira Lopes AJ, de Melo AC, Guimarães IDS, da Rocha CQ, Ribeiro MNDS. Cytotoxicity and Pro-Apoptotic, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Geopropolis Produced by the Stingless Bee Melipona fasciculata Smith. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090292. [PMID: 32942772 PMCID: PMC7566010 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Geopropolis is produced by some stingless bee species, such as Melipona fasciculata Smith, a native species from Brazil. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and cytotoxicity effects of geopropolis hydroethanolic extracts against lung (H460 and A549) and ovarian (A2780 and ES2) cancer cell lines and non-tumor (HUVEC) cell lines using chemical identification by LC/MS/MS analysis and in silico assays to determine which compounds are associated with bioactivity. The antioxidant activity of extracts and inhibitory activity against COX enzymes were assessed by in vitro assays; cytotoxicity effect was evaluated by the MTT assay; cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry and apoptosis by Western blotting. The geopropolis extracts showed great radical scavenging potential, preferential inhibition of COX-2, decreased cancer cell viability, non-cytotoxic effects against the non-tumoral cell line, besides modulating the cell cycle and inducing cancer cell apoptosis through the activation of caspase-3 and PARP protein cleavage. The in silico study suggests that corilagin, typhaneoside, taraxerone and marsformosanone, identified by LC/MS/MS, can be associated with anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxic effects. Thus, the current study suggests the potential of geopropolis concerning the research field of new pharmacological alternatives regarding cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josianne Rocha Barboza
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmácia, Campus Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís 65080-805, Maranhão, Brazil; (F.A.N.P.); (A.J.O.L.); (M.N.d.S.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.B.); (C.Q.d.R.); Tel.: +55-98-3272-9243 (C.Q.d.R.)
| | - Francisco Assis Nascimento Pereira
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmácia, Campus Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís 65080-805, Maranhão, Brazil; (F.A.N.P.); (A.J.O.L.); (M.N.d.S.R.)
| | - Renan Amphilophio Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | - Cleydlenne Costa Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Estudo Experimental da Dor, Campus Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís 65080-805, Maranhão, Brazil; (C.C.V.); (M.d.S.d.S.C.)
| | - Maria do Socorro de Sousa Cartágenes
- Laboratório de Estudo Experimental da Dor, Campus Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís 65080-805, Maranhão, Brazil; (C.C.V.); (M.d.S.d.S.C.)
| | - Alberto Jorge Oliveira Lopes
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmácia, Campus Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís 65080-805, Maranhão, Brazil; (F.A.N.P.); (A.J.O.L.); (M.N.d.S.R.)
- Laboratório de Estudo Experimental da Dor, Campus Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís 65080-805, Maranhão, Brazil; (C.C.V.); (M.d.S.d.S.C.)
| | - Andreia Cristina de Melo
- Divisão de Pesquisa Clínica e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (A.C.d.M.); (I.d.S.G.)
| | - Isabella dos Santos Guimarães
- Divisão de Pesquisa Clínica e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (A.C.d.M.); (I.d.S.G.)
| | - Cláudia Quintino da Rocha
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química, Campus Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís 65080-805, Maranhão, Brazil
- Correspondence: (J.R.B.); (C.Q.d.R.); Tel.: +55-98-3272-9243 (C.Q.d.R.)
| | - Maria Nilce de Sousa Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmácia, Campus Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís 65080-805, Maranhão, Brazil; (F.A.N.P.); (A.J.O.L.); (M.N.d.S.R.)
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Vairavel M, Devaraj E, Shanmugam R. An eco-friendly synthesis of Enterococcus sp.-mediated gold nanoparticle induces cytotoxicity in human colorectal cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:8166-8175. [PMID: 31900772 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have become frequently used materials in biotechnological and biomedical applications including cancer. They can be commonly synthesized by biological and chemical methods. In the present study, we synthesized Enterococcus-mediated AuNPs and evaluated their cytotoxicity in human colorectal cancer cell line (HT-29). AuNPs are synthesized intracellularly using Enterococcus sp. RMAA. Characterization of AuNPs has done using UV spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscope. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression and apoptosis-related morphology were evaluated by dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining via fluorescence microscopy. JC-1 staining and caspase 3 immunofluorescence expression were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Enterococcus sp. RMAA-mediated AuNPs are spherical and induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells. AuNP treatments also induced ROS and caspase-3 expressions and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential. Morphology related to apoptotic changes was also noticed after AuNP treatments in HT-29 cells. The present study revealed that Enterococcus-derived AuNPs induced apoptotic cell death in HT-29 cells and suggests that AuNPs could be used as a pro apoptotic agent for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathivadani Vairavel
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India
| | - Ezhilarasan Devaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India.
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre, Saveetha Dental College (SDC), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India.
| | - Rajeshkumar Shanmugam
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India
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11
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Abstract
Alternative splicing of precursor mRNA is a key mediator of gene expression regulation leading to greater diversity of the proteome in complex organisms. Systematic sequencing of the human genome and transcriptome has led to our understanding of how alternative splicing of critical genes leads to multiple pathological conditions such as cancer. For many years, proteases were known only for their roles as proteolytic enzymes, acting to regulate/process proteins associated with diverse cellular functions. However, the differential expression and altered function of various protease isoforms, such as (i) anti-apoptotic activities, (ii) mediating intercellular adhesion, and (iii) modifying the extracellular matrix, are evidence of their specific contribution towards shaping the tumor microenvironment. Revealing the alternative splicing of protease genes and characterization of their protein products/isoforms with distinct and opposing functions creates a platform to understand how protease isoforms contribute to specific cancer hallmarks. Here, in this review, we address cancer-specific isoforms produced by the alternative splicing of proteases and their distinctive roles in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamikara Liyanage
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Achala Fernando
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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12
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Singh P, Augustine D, Rao RS, Patil S, Sowmya SV, Haragannavar VC, Nambiar S. Interleukin-1beta and Caspase-3 expression serve as independent prognostic markers for metastasis and survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2019; 26:109-122. [PMID: 31356195 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Indian subcontinent has the highest incidence and prevalence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Inflammation and apoptosis are two emerging hall marks of cancer that might play a significant role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Concurrent expression of proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) and executioner caspase (Caspase-3) in same OSCC tissue samples has not been reported in an Indian population. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of IL-1β and Caspase-3 in same OSCC tissue samples with clinicopathological correlation and survival analysis in Indian population. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted utilizing 40 formalin fixed paraffin embedded histologically diagnosed cases of OSCC comprising of 20 metastatic OSCC and 20 non-metastatic OSCC. RESULTS Increased expression of IL-1β and Caspase-3 were observed in metastatic OSCC. Correlation of expression of IL-1β and Caspase-3 with clinicopathological parameters revealed a significant association between these markers and staging, nodal status and site of the lesion. CONCLUSION Over expression of IL-1β and Caspase-3 was associated with advanced stage and poor survival of the patient. IL-1β overexpression showed significantly lower disease-free survival and disease specific survival as well. Overexpression of IL-1β and Caspase-3 in incisional OSCC biopsies could be considered for predicting metastasis and survival outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Singh
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dominic Augustine
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Roopa S Rao
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samudrala Venkatesiah Sowmya
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vanishri C Haragannavar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shwetha Nambiar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Badr G, Zahran AM, Omar HM, Barsoum MA, Mahmoud MH. Camel Whey Protein Disrupts the Cross-Talk Between PI3K and BCL-2 Signals and Mediates Apoptosis in Primary Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:1040-1054. [PMID: 31017486 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1595054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the impact of camel whey protein (CWP) on the survival of primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells that were isolated from 20 patients diagnosed with AML. We found that CWP induced apoptosis in the primary AML cells without affecting the normal PBMCs that were isolated from healthy individuals, as determined by PI/annexin V double staining followed by flow-cytometry analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these primary AML cells exhibited aberrant phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR and STAT3. Treatment of AML cells with CWP mediated significant reduction in the phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR and STAT3. Additionally, we demonstrated that blockade of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by wortmannin (WM) impaired the expression of Bcl-2 and BclXL in the primary AML cells, suggesting an essential cross-talk between PI3K and Bcl-2 that maintains the survival of AML cells. In this context, treatment of AML cells with CWP disrupted the PI3K/Bcl-2 cross-talk; significantly downregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bcl-2 and BclXL; markedly upregulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bak and Bax; and subsequently sensitized tumor cells to growth arrest. Our data revealed the therapeutic potential of CWP and the underlying mechanisms against leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Badr
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt.,b Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt.,c King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa M Zahran
- d Clinical Pathology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute , Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt
| | - Hossam M Omar
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt.,e Laboratory of Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt
| | - Martina A Barsoum
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt.,b Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt.,e Laboratory of Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Mahmoud
- f Deanship of Scientific Research , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,g Food Science and Nutrition Department , National Research Center , Cairo , Egypt
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Baena-Lopez LA, Arthurton L, Bischoff M, Vincent JP, Alexandre C, McGregor R. Novel initiator caspase reporters uncover previously unknown features of caspase-activating cells. Development 2018; 145:dev170811. [PMID: 30413561 PMCID: PMC6288387 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The caspase-mediated regulation of many cellular processes, including apoptosis, justifies the substantial interest in understanding all of the biological features of these enzymes. To complement functional assays, it is crucial to identify caspase-activating cells in live tissues. Our work describes novel initiator caspase reporters that, for the first time, provide direct information concerning the initial steps of the caspase activation cascade in Drosophila tissues. One of our caspase sensors capitalises on the rapid subcellular localisation change of a fluorescent marker to uncover novel cellular apoptotic events relating to the actin-mediated positioning of the nucleus before cell delamination. The other construct benefits from caspase-induced nuclear translocation of a QF transcription factor. This feature enables the genetic manipulation of caspase-activating cells and reveals the spatiotemporal patterns of initiator caspase activity. Collectively, our sensors offer experimental opportunities not available by using previous reporters and have proven useful to illuminate previously unknown aspects of caspase-dependent processes in apoptotic and non-apoptotic cellular scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Baena-Lopez
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxfordshire, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Lewis Arthurton
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxfordshire, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Marcus Bischoff
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | | | | | - Reuben McGregor
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Molecular Medicine & Pathology, The University of Auckland, M&HS Building 502, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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