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Lyngdoh W, Jat S, Kumar P. Stability Indicating Method Development and Validation of Glycyrrhizin Using RP-HPLC-DAD: Application to Glycyrrhiza glabra Extract. J Chromatogr Sci 2024:bmae022. [PMID: 38706312 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra is commonly known as licorice. Licorice is the major source of glycyrrhizin. There is no reported stability indicating method for glycyrrhizin in the literature so far. Therefore, it was proposed to develop a stability indicating method and validate the method for glycyrrhizin and its application in G. glabra root extract. Method validation parameters were performed as per the International Council for Harmonization guidelines. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax Extended C-18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column. The separation achieved using the mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile in gradient elution. The flow rate was kept at 1 mL/min, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy detection was at 250 nm. The average retention time of glycyrrhizin was found to be 7.30 min. Stress degradation studies were performed and confirmed that only acidic degradation has shown a degradation profile of glycyrrhizin up to 40%. The percentage of glycyrrhizin was found to be 0.40% in the G. glabra extract. This may be further explored for commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waibiangki Lyngdoh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
- Present address: Institute of Pharmacy, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Gardens, Kamarkuchi, Sonapur, Guwahati, Assam 782402, India
| | - Sandeep Jat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
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Ni Q, Gao Y, Yang X, Zhang Q, Guo B, Han J, Chen S. Analysis of the network pharmacology and the structure-activity relationship of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1001018. [PMID: 36313350 PMCID: PMC9606671 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1001018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice, a herbal product derived from the root of Glycyrrhiza species, has been used as a sweetening agent and traditional herbal medicine for hundreds of years. Glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) are the most important active ingredients in licorice. Both GL and GA have pharmacological effects against tumors, inflammation, viral infection, liver diseases, neurological diseases, and metabolic diseases. However, they also exhibit differences. KEGG analysis indicated that licorice is involved in neuroactive ligand‒receptor interactions, while 18β-GA is mostly involved in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. In this article, we comprehensively review the therapeutic potential of GL and GA by focusing on their pharmacological effects and working mechanisms. We systemically examine the structure-activity relationship of GL, GA and their isomers. Based on the various pharmacological activities of GL, GA and their isomers, we propose further development of structural derivatives of GA after chemical structure modification, with less cytotoxicity but higher targeting specificity. More research is needed on the clinical applications of licorice and its active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiang Ni
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affifiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuxuan Gao
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuzhen Yang
- Department of Basic Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingmeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Baojian Guo
- Institute of New Drug Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Biomedical Sciences College and Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Jinxiang Han, ; Shaoru Chen,
| | - Shaoru Chen
- Department of Basic Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Jinxiang Han, ; Shaoru Chen,
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Nocca G, D’Avenio G, Amalfitano A, Chronopoulou L, Mordente A, Palocci C, Grigioni M. Controlled Release of 18-β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid from Core-Shell Nanoparticles: Effects on Cytotoxicity and Intracellular Concentration in HepG2 Cell Line. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143893. [PMID: 34300811 PMCID: PMC8303372 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a pentacyclic triterpene with promising hepatoprotective and anti-Hepatocellular carcinoma effects. GA low water solubility however reduces its biodistribution and bioavailability, limiting its applications in biomedicine. In this work we used core-shell NPs made of PolyD-L-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) coated with chitosan (CS), prepared through an osmosis-based methodology, to efficiently entrap GA. NPs morphology was investigated with SEM and TEM and their GA payload was evaluated with a spectrophotometric method. GA-loaded NPs were administered to HepG2 cells and their efficiency in reducing cell viability was compared with that induced by the free drug in in vitro tests. Cell viability was evaluated by the MTT assay, as well as with Electric Cells-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS), that provided a real-time continuous monitoring. It was possible to correlate the toxic effect of the different forms of GA with the bioavailability of the drug, evidencing the importance of real-time tests for studying the effects of bioactive substances on cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Nocca
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (A.M.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (L.C.); Tel.: +39-06-3015-4215 (G.N.); +39-06-4991-3340 (L.C.)
| | - Giuseppe D’Avenio
- National Center for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Adriana Amalfitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Laura Chronopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (L.C.); Tel.: +39-06-3015-4215 (G.N.); +39-06-4991-3340 (L.C.)
| | - Alvaro Mordente
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (A.M.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Cleofe Palocci
- Department of Chemistry, University La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- CIABC-Centro di Ricerca per le Scienze Applicate alla Protezione dell’Ambiente e dei Beni Culturali, University La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Grigioni
- National Center for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (M.G.)
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