1
|
Kloos J, Burks C, Purdue-Smithe A, DeVilbiss E, Mumford SL, Weinerman R. Similar pregnancy outcomes from fresh and frozen donor oocytes transferred to gestational carriers: a SART database analysis isolating the effects of oocyte vitrification. J Assist Reprod Genet 2024; 41:643-648. [PMID: 38200285 PMCID: PMC10957820 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-03016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This work aimed to study clinical and neonatal outcomes of embryos derived from frozen compared to fresh donor oocytes in gestational carrier cycles. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study using the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System database between 2014 and 2015, comprising of 1284 fresh transfer cycles to gestational carrier recipients of embryos resulting from fresh (n = 1119) and vitrified/thawed (n = 165) donor oocytes. Models were adjusted for gestational carrier age, preimplantation genetic testing (PGT-A), number of embryos transferred, multiple gestation, and fetal heart reduction. As our models were part of a larger analysis, intended parent BMI, smoking status, and parity were also adjusted for, but did not influence outcomes in this analysis. RESULTS There was no significant difference in probability of live birth rates when comparing embryos derived from fresh and frozen donor oocytes in gestational carrier cycles. There were also no significant differences in biochemical pregnancy losses or clinical miscarriage. There were no significant differences noted in low birthweight or high birthweight infants derived from fresh versus frozen donor oocyte after transfer into a gestational carrier. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of fresh and frozen donor oocytes in gestational carrier cycles provides the opportunity to assess for a possible effect of vitrification on the oocyte by controlling for differences in the uterine environment. We observed no significant differences in live birth, pregnancy loss, low birthweight or high birthweight infants when comparing fresh and frozen donor oocytes in gestational carrier cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kloos
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Purdue-Smithe
- Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth DeVilbiss
- Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sunni L Mumford
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Weinerman
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brandão P, Garrido N. Commercial Surrogacy: An Overview. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRÍCIA 2022; 44:1141-1158. [PMID: 36580941 PMCID: PMC9800153 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surrogacy is the process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby to other person or couple, known as intended parents. When carriers are paid for surrogacy, this is known as commercial surrogacy. The objective of the present work is to review the legal, ethical, social, and cultural aspects of commercial surrogacy, as well as the current panorama worldwide. METHODS This is a review of the literature published in the 21st century on commercial surrogacy. RESULTS A total of 248 articles were included as the core of the present review. The demand for surrogate treatments by women without uterus or with important uterine disorders, single men and same-sex male couples is constantly increasing worldwide. This reproductive treatment has important ethical dilemmas. In addition, legislation defers widely worldwide and is in constant change. Therefore, patients look more and more for treatments abroad, which can lead to important legal problems between countries with different laws. Commercial surrogacy is practiced in several countries, in most of which there is no specific legislation. Some countries have taken restrictive measures against this technique because of reports of exploitation of carriers. CONCLUSION Commercial surrogacy is a common practice, despite important ethical and legal dilemmas. As a consequence of diverse national legislations, patients frequently resort to international commercial surrogacy programs. As of today, there is no standard international legal context, and this practice remains largely unregulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicolás Garrido
- University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- IVI Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Osmundsen EB, Shaw-Williams MM, Lutgendorf MA, Thagard AS. Incidence and Implications of Twin Gestational Surrogacy at Two Large U.S. Military Hospitals: A 10-Year Retrospective Cohort Study. Mil Med 2022; 188:usab386. [PMID: 35139205 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals seeking a gestational surrogate often turn to U.S. military dependents due to favorable insurance coverage. Surrogate pregnancies, including multiple gestations, may be at increased risk for adverse outcomes. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of surrogacy in a twin population conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART), assess the impact on the military healthcare system, and determine if there is an increased rate of complications in twin surrogacy pregnancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a 10-year retrospective cohort study of ART-conceived twin gestations at two military hospitals. Charts were reviewed for demographic data, surrogacy status, and obstetric complications. Number of prenatal visits and formal sonograms were tabulated for surrogate pregnancies. Complication rates were compared between groups using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Over the 10-year period, 36 of the 249 pregnancies were identified as gestational surrogates, equating to a rate of 14.4%. Surrogate mothers were younger than non-surrogates (29.58 years vs. 33.11 years, P < .001). Care of surrogate pregnancies required a total of 306 prenatal visits and 98 formal ultrasounds. The incidence of gestational diabetes was higher among surrogates compared to other ART-conceived twin pregnancies at 27.8% vs. 12.2% (P < .05), while other complications did not significantly differ. CONCLUSIONS Approximately one in seven ART-conceived twin gestations were surrogacy pregnancies, requiring significant clinical resources. The incidence of gestational diabetes was higher among surrogate gestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle M Shaw-Williams
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA
| | - Monica A Lutgendorf
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA
| | - Andrew S Thagard
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Makhijani R, Coulter M, Taggar A, Godiwala P, O'Sullivan D, Nulsen J, Engmann L, Benadiva C, Grow D. Reduction in multiple pregnancy rate in donor oocyte-recipient gestational carrier (GC) in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles in the USA with single-embryo transfer and preimplantation genetic testing. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:1441-1447. [PMID: 33709344 PMCID: PMC8266963 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the utilization of single-embryo transfer (SET) and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in gestational carrier IVF cycles in the USA with donor oocyte and examine the impact on live birth and multiple gestation. METHODS Retrospective cohort study using the Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) clinic database of 4776 donor oocyte-recipient IVF cycles in which a GC was used. The cycles were separated into 4 groups by use of PGT and number of embryos transferred as follows: (1) PGT and single-embryo transfer (PGT-SET); (2) PGT and multiple embryo transfer (PGT-MET); (3) no PGT and SET (NoPGT-SET); (4) no PGT and MET (NoPGT-MET). Primary outcomes were live birth rate (LBR) and multiple pregnancy rate (MPR). RESULTS More than one blastocyst was transferred in 48.7% (2323/4774) of the cycles. When ≥1 blastocyst was transferred, with or without the use of PGT, the MPR was 45.5% and 42.0%, respectively. In comparison, in the PGT-SET and NoPGT-SET groups, the MPR was 1.4% (8/579) and 3.3% (29/883), respectively. Live birth rates increased with the use of PGT-A and with MET. CONCLUSION This study shows that SET, with or without PGT, is associated with a significantly reduced MPR in donor oocyte-recipient GC IVF cycles while maintaining high LBR. It also demonstrates that many infertility centers in the USA are not adhering to ASRM embryo transfer guidelines. Our findings highlight an opportunity to increase GC safety, which ultimately may lead to widened access to this increasingly restricted service outside the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reeva Makhijani
- Center for Advanced Reproductive Services, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 2 Batterson Park Road, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Madeline Coulter
- Center for Advanced Reproductive Services, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 2 Batterson Park Road, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Arti Taggar
- Center for Advanced Reproductive Services, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 2 Batterson Park Road, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Prachi Godiwala
- Center for Advanced Reproductive Services, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 2 Batterson Park Road, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - David O'Sullivan
- Center for Advanced Reproductive Services, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 2 Batterson Park Road, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - John Nulsen
- Center for Advanced Reproductive Services, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 2 Batterson Park Road, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Lawrence Engmann
- Center for Advanced Reproductive Services, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 2 Batterson Park Road, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Claudio Benadiva
- Center for Advanced Reproductive Services, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 2 Batterson Park Road, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Daniel Grow
- Center for Advanced Reproductive Services, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 2 Batterson Park Road, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sadeghi MR. Surrogacy, an Excellent Opportunity for Women with More Threats. J Reprod Infertil 2019; 20:63. [PMID: 31058048 PMCID: PMC6486566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|