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Panahi Meymandi AR, Akbari B, Soltantoyeh T, Hadjati J, Klionsky DJ, Badie B, Mirzaei HR. Crosstalk between autophagy and metabolic regulation of (CAR) T cells: therapeutic implications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1212695. [PMID: 37675121 PMCID: PMC10477670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1212695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy's extraordinary success in subsets of B-cell lymphoma and leukemia, various barriers restrict its application in solid tumors. This has prompted investigating new approaches for producing CAR T cells with superior therapeutic potential. Emerging insights into the barriers to CAR T cell clinical success indicate that autophagy shapes the immune response via reprogramming cellular metabolism and vice versa. Autophagy, a self-cannibalization process that includes destroying and recycling intracellular components in the lysosome, influences T cell biology, including development, survival, memory formation, and cellular metabolism. In this review, we will emphasize the critical role of autophagy in regulating and rewiring metabolic circuits in CAR T cells, as well as how the metabolic status of CAR T cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) alter autophagy regulation in CAR T cells to restore functional competence in CAR Ts traversing solid TMEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Reza Panahi Meymandi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnia Akbari
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Soltantoyeh
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Xu Y, Chen R, Yan J, Zang G, Shao C, Wang Z. CD137 Signal Mediates Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating the Necrosis of Cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 15:1163-1175. [PMID: 35419772 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The injury of cardiomyocytes after ischemia-reperfusion is the main reason of cardiac dysfunction. Necrosis is one of the methods of programmed cell death and cardiomyocyte necrosis occurs in the process of reperfusion. The activation of CD137 signal is involved in various diseases. In vivo experiments proved that CD137-/- mice have less heart damage than wild-type mice after ischemia-reperfusion. In vitro experiments, we found that after inhibiting the CD137 signal, the degree of necrosis of HL-1 cells was reduced and it was caused by reducing the Ca2 + overload in the mitochondria, which caused the reduction of mPTP opening. Ca2 + overload in mitochondria induced by activation of CD137 signal was caused by increased Ca2 + released into mitochondria by activation of IP3R and increased MCU level. These results indicate that CD137 signaling aggravates cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury by inducing myocardial cell necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinchuan Yan
- Health Science Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Retracted: Activation of CD137 Signaling Enhances Vascular Calcification through c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase-Dependent Disruption of Autophagic Flux. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:9856896. [PMID: 35431652 PMCID: PMC9007661 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9856896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Liu Q, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Xiang P, Zhu J, Jing W, Jin W, Chen M, Tang R, Yu H. Nano-hydroxyapatite accelerates vascular calcification via lysosome impairment and autophagy dysfunction in smooth muscle cells. Bioact Mater 2021; 8:478-493. [PMID: 34541414 PMCID: PMC8429627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a common characteristic of aging, diabetes, chronic renal failure, and atherosclerosis. The basic component of VC is hydroxyapatite (HAp). Nano-sized HAp (nHAp) has been identified to play an essential role in the development of pathological calcification of vasculature. However, whether nHAp can induce calcification in vivo and the mechanism of nHAp in the progression of VC remains unclear. We discovered that nHAp existed both in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and their extracellular matrix (ECM) in the calcified arteries from patients. Synthetic nHAp had similar morphological and chemical properties as natural nHAp recovered from calcified artery. nHAp stimulated osteogenic differentiation and accelerated mineralization of VSMCs in vitro. Synthetic nHAp could also directly induce VC in vivo. Mechanistically, nHAp was internalized into lysosome, which impaired lysosome vacuolar H+-ATPase for its acidification, therefore blocked autophagic flux in VSMCs. Lysosomal re-acidification by cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) significantly enhanced autophagic degradation and attenuated nHAp-induced calcification. The accumulated autophagosomes and autolysosomes were converted into calcium-containing exosomes which were secreted into ECM and accelerated vascular calcium deposit. Inhibition of exosome release in VSMCs decreased calcium deposition. Altogether, our results demonstrated a repressive effect of nHAp on lysosomal acidification, which inhibited autophagic degradation and promoted a conversion of the accumulated autophagic vacuoles into exosomes that were loaded with undissolved nHAp, Ca2+, Pi and ALP. These exosomes bud off the plasma membrane, deposit within ECM, and form calcium nodules. Vascular calcification was thus accelerated by nHAP through blockage of autophagic flux in VSMCs. We first demonstrated that nHAp was internalized into the vascular cell in human calcified aorta. Nano-HAp impairs lysosomal acidification and degradation, and causesblockage of autophagy flux in VSMCs. The accumulated autophagosomes and autolysosomes induced by nHAp in VSMCs are converted into exosomes which promote calcification development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China.,Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Pingping Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Jinyun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Wangwei Jing
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Wenjing Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310027, China
| | - Mingyao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310027, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
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Neutel CHG, Hendrickx JO, Martinet W, De Meyer GRY, Guns PJ. The Protective Effects of the Autophagic and Lysosomal Machinery in Vascular and Valvular Calcification: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8933. [PMID: 33255685 PMCID: PMC7728070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic homeostatic process, crucial for cell survival. It has been shown that autophagy can modulate different cardiovascular pathologies, including vascular calcification (VCN). OBJECTIVE To assess how modulation of autophagy, either through induction or inhibition, affects vascular and valvular calcification and to determine the therapeutic applicability of inducing autophagy. DATA SOURCES A systematic review of English language articles using MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science (WoS) and the Cochrane library. The search terms included autophagy, autolysosome, mitophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-phagy, lysosomal, calcification and calcinosis. Study characteristics: Thirty-seven articles were selected based on pre-defined eligibility criteria. Thirty-three studies (89%) studied vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification of which 27 (82%) studies investigated autophagy and six (18%) studies lysosomal function in VCN. Four studies (11%) studied aortic valve calcification (AVCN). Thirty-four studies were published in the time period 2015-2020 (92%). CONCLUSION There is compelling evidence that both autophagy and lysosomal function are critical regulators of VCN, which opens new perspectives for treatment strategies. However, there are still challenges to overcome, such as the development of more selective pharmacological agents and standardization of methods to measure autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pieter-Jan Guns
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.H.G.N.); (J.O.H.); (W.M.); (G.R.Y.D.M.)
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Ma WQ, Sun XJ, Zhu Y, Liu NF. PDK4 promotes vascular calcification by interfering with autophagic activity and metabolic reprogramming. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:991. [PMID: 33203874 PMCID: PMC7673024 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) is an important mitochondrial matrix enzyme in cellular energy regulation. Previous studies suggested that PDK4 is increased in the calcified vessels of patients with atherosclerosis and is closely associated with mitochondrial function, but the precise regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aims to investigate the role of PDK4 in vascular calcification and the molecular mechanisms involved. Using a variety of complementary techniques, we found impaired autophagic activity in the process of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) calcification, whereas knocking down PDK4 had the opposite effect. PDK4 drives the metabolic reprogramming of VSMCs towards a Warburg effect, and the inhibition of PDK4 abrogates VSMCs calcification. Mechanistically, PDK4 disturbs the integrity of the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane, concomitantly impairing mitochondrial respiratory capacity, which contributes to a decrease in lysosomal degradation by inhibiting the V-ATPase and lactate dehydrogenase B interaction. PDK4 also inhibits the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor EB, thus inhibiting lysosomal function. These changes result in the interruption of autophagic flux, which accelerates calcium deposition in VSMCs. In addition, glycolysis serves as a metabolic adaptation to improve VSMCs oxidative stress resistance, whereas inhibition of glycolysis by 2-deoxy-D-glucose induces the apoptosis of VSMCs and increases the calcium deposition in VSMCs. Our results suggest that PDK4 plays a key role in vascular calcification through autophagy inhibition and metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jiao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Nai-Feng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China.
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Activation of CD137 signaling promotes neointimal formation by attenuating TET2 and transferrring from endothelial cell-derived exosomes to vascular smooth muscle cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 121:109593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Pescatore LA, Gamarra LF, Liberman M. Multifaceted Mechanisms of Vascular Calcification in Aging. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1307-1316. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.118.311576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 20% of the world’s population will be around or above 65 years of age by the next decade. Out of these, 40% are suspected to have cardiovascular diseases as a cause of mortality. Arteriosclerosis, characterized by increased vascular calcification, impairing Windkessel effect and tissue perfusion, and determining end-organ damage, is a hallmark of vascular pathology in the elderly population. Risk factors accumulated during aging affect the normal physiological and vascular aging process, which contributes to the progression of arteriosclerosis. Traditional risk factors, age-associated diseases, and respective regulating mechanisms influencing vascular calcification and vascular stiffness have been extensively studied for many years. Despite the well-known fact that aging alone can induce vascular damage, specific mechanisms that implicate physiological aging in vascular calcification, contributing to vascular stiffness, are poorly understood. This review focuses on mechanisms activated during normal aging, for example, cellular senescence, autophagy, extracellular vesicles secretion, and oxidative stress, along with the convergence of premature aging models’ pathophysiology, such as Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria (prelamin accumulation) and Klotho deficiency, to understand vascular calcification in aging. Understanding the mechanisms of vascular damage in aging that intersect with age-associated diseases and risk factors is crucial to foster innovative therapeutic targets to mitigate cardiovascular disease.
Visual Overview—
An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana A. Pescatore
- From the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil (L.A.P., L.F.G., M.L.)
- Laboratório de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil (L.A.P.)
| | - Lionel F. Gamarra
- From the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil (L.A.P., L.F.G., M.L.)
| | - Marcel Liberman
- From the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil (L.A.P., L.F.G., M.L.)
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Pescatore LA, Gamarra LF, Liberman M. Multifaceted Mechanisms of Vascular Calcification in Aging. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1307-1316. [PMID: 31144990 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 20% of the world's population will be around or above 65 years of age by the next decade. Out of these, 40% are suspected to have cardiovascular diseases as a cause of mortality. Arteriosclerosis, characterized by increased vascular calcification, impairing Windkessel effect and tissue perfusion, and determining end-organ damage, is a hallmark of vascular pathology in the elderly population. Risk factors accumulated during aging affect the normal physiological and vascular aging process, which contributes to the progression of arteriosclerosis. Traditional risk factors, age-associated diseases, and respective regulating mechanisms influencing vascular calcification and vascular stiffness have been extensively studied for many years. Despite the well-known fact that aging alone can induce vascular damage, specific mechanisms that implicate physiological aging in vascular calcification, contributing to vascular stiffness, are poorly understood. This review focuses on mechanisms activated during normal aging, for example, cellular senescence, autophagy, extracellular vesicles secretion, and oxidative stress, along with the convergence of premature aging models' pathophysiology, such as Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria (prelamin accumulation) and Klotho deficiency, to understand vascular calcification in aging. Understanding the mechanisms of vascular damage in aging that intersect with age-associated diseases and risk factors is crucial to foster innovative therapeutic targets to mitigate cardiovascular disease. Visual Overview- An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana A Pescatore
- From the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil (L.A.P., L.F.G., M.L.).,Laboratório de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil (L.A.P.)
| | - Lionel F Gamarra
- From the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil (L.A.P., L.F.G., M.L.)
| | - Marcel Liberman
- From the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil (L.A.P., L.F.G., M.L.)
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