1
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Kim HJ, Jeong MS, Jang SB. Identification and structure of AIMP2-DX2 for therapeutic perspectives. BMB Rep 2024; 57:318-323. [PMID: 38835119 PMCID: PMC11289502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cell fate and lung cell differentiation is associated with Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARS)-interacting multifunctional protein 2 (AIMP2), which acts as a non-enzymatic component required for the multi-tRNA synthetase complex. In response to DNA damage, a component of AIMP2 separates from the multi-tRNA synthetase complex, binds to p53, and prevents its degradation by MDM2, inducing apoptosis. Additionally, AIMP2 reduces proliferation in TGF-β and Wnt pathways, while enhancing apoptotic signaling induced by tumor necrosis factor-β. Given the crucial role of these pathways in tumorigenesis, AIMP2 is expected to function as a broad-spectrum tumor suppressor. The full-length AIMP2 transcript consists of four exons, with a small section of the pre-mRNA undergoing alternative splicing to produce a variant (AIMP2-DX2) lacking the second exon. AIMP2-DX2 binds to FBP, TRAF2, and p53 similarly to AIMP2, but competes with AIMP2 for binding to these target proteins, thereby impairing its tumor-suppressive activity. AIMP2-DX2 is specifically expressed in a diverse range of cancer cells, including breast cancer, liver cancer, bone cancer, and stomach cancer. There is growing interest in AIMP2-DX2 as a promising biomarker for prognosis and diagnosis, with AIMP2-DX2 inhibition attracting significant interest as a potentially effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of lung, ovarian, prostate, and nasopharyngeal cancers. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(7): 318-323].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jin Kim
- Insitute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Mi Suk Jeong
- Insitute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Se Bok Jang
- Insitute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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2
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Lee B, Gyu Kim D, Mi Kim Y, Kim S, Choi I. Discovery of benzodioxane analogues as lead candidates of AIMP2-DX2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 73:128889. [PMID: 35842206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) interacting multifunctional protein2 (AIMP2) plays a vital role in protein synthesis. However, a splicing variant in which the second of the four exons of AIMP2 is deleted, inhibits the tumor suppression activity of AIMP2. Herein, we describe our discovery of series of potent AIMP2-DX2 inhibitors that are targeting lung cancer. Optimization of series using ligand-based drug design strategy led to discovery of compound 35, a potent AIMP2-DX2 inhibitor that is the most efficacious in H460 and A549 cells. This benzodioxane series may represent good starting points for further lead optimization of the identification potential drug candidates for the AIMP2-DX2 targeted treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- BoRa Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea
| | - Dae Gyu Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research, College of Pharmacy & College of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Korea
| | - Young Mi Kim
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research, College of Pharmacy & College of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Korea.
| | - Inhee Choi
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea.
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3
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Khan K, Gogonea V, Fox PL. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases of the multi-tRNA synthetase complex and their role in tumorigenesis. Transl Oncol 2022; 19:101392. [PMID: 35278792 PMCID: PMC8914993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS) catalyze the ligation of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs to generate aminoacylated-tRNAs. In higher eukaryotes, 9 of the 20 AARSs, along with 3 auxiliary proteins, join to form the cytoplasmic multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC). The complex is absent in prokaryotes, but evolutionary expansion of MSC constituents, primarily by addition of novel interacting domains, facilitates formation of subcomplexes that join to establish the holo-MSC. In some cases, environmental cues direct the release of constituents from the MSC which enables the execution of non-canonical, i.e., "moonlighting", functions distinct from their essential activities in protein translation. These activities are generally beneficial, but can also be deleterious to the cell. Elucidation of the non-canonical activities of several AARSs residing in the MSC suggest they are potential therapeutic targets for cancer, as well as metabolic and neurologic diseases. Here, we describe the role of MSC-resident AARSs in cancer progression, and the factors that regulate their release from the MSC. Also, we highlight recent developments in therapeutic modalities that target MSC AARSs for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Khan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America.
| | - Valentin Gogonea
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States of America
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America.
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4
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Huang R, Li M, Zeng Z, Zhang J, Song D, Hu P, Yan P, Xian S, Zhu X, Chang Z, Zhang J, Guo J, Yin H, Meng T, Huang Z. The Identification of Prognostic and Metastatic Alternative Splicing in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748211051554. [PMID: 34986671 PMCID: PMC8743934 DOI: 10.1177/10732748211051554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is a type of highly invasive cancer originated from melanocytes. It is reported that aberrant alternative splicing (AS) plays an important role in the neoplasia and metastasis of many types of cancer. Therefore, we investigated whether ASEs of pre-RNA have such an influence on the prognosis of SKCM and the related mechanism of ASEs in SKCM. The RNA-seq data and ASEs data for SKCM patients were obtained from the TCGA and TCGASpliceSeq database. The univariate Cox regression revealed 1265 overall survival-related splicing events (OS-SEs). Screened by Lasso regression, 4 OS-SEs were identified and used to construct an effective prediction model (AUC: .904), whose risk score was proved to be an independent prognostic factor. Furthermore, Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test showed that an aberrant splicing type of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2 (AIMP2) regulated by CDC-like kinase 1 (CLK1) was associated with the metastasis and stage of SKCM. Besides, the overlapped signal pathway for AIMP2 was galactose metabolism identified by the co-expression analysis. External database validation also confirmed that AIMP2, CLK1, and the galactose metabolism were associated with the metastasis and stage of SKCM patients. ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq methods further confirmed the transcription regulation of CLK1, AIMP2, and other key genes, whose cellular expression was detected by Single Cell Sequencing. In conclusion, we proposed that CLK1-regulated AIMP2-78704-ES might play a critical role in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of SKCM via galactose metabolism. Besides, we established an effective model with MTMR14-63114-ES, URI1-48867-ES, BATF2-16724-AP, and MED22-88025-AP to predict the metastasis and prognosis of SKCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dianwen Song
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Penghui Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuyuan Xian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Jiayao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juanru Guo
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huabin Yin
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Meng
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Tongji University School of Mathematical Sciences, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongqiang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ahn S, Grimes T, Datta S. The Analysis of Gene Expression Data Incorporating Tumor Purity Information. Front Genet 2021; 12:642759. [PMID: 34497631 PMCID: PMC8419469 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.642759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of tumor cells, stroma cells, immune cells, blood vessels, and other associated non-cancerous cells. Gene expression measurements on tumor samples are an average over cells in the microenvironment. However, research questions often seek answers about tumor cells rather than the surrounding non-tumor tissue. Previous studies have suggested that the tumor purity (TP)-the proportion of tumor cells in a solid tumor sample-has a confounding effect on differential expression (DE) analysis of high vs. low survival groups. We investigate three ways incorporating the TP information in the two statistical methods used for analyzing gene expression data, namely, differential network (DN) analysis and DE analysis. Analysis 1 ignores the TP information completely, Analysis 2 uses a truncated sample by removing the low TP samples, and Analysis 3 uses TP as a covariate in the underlying statistical models. We use three gene expression data sets related to three different cancers from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for our investigation. The networks from Analysis 2 have greater amount of differential connectivity in the two networks than that from Analysis 1 in all three cancer datasets. Similarly, Analysis 1 identified more differentially expressed genes than Analysis 2. Results of DN and DE analyses using Analysis 3 were mostly consistent with those of Analysis 1 across three cancers. However, Analysis 3 identified additional cancer-related genes in both DN and DE analyses. Our findings suggest that using TP as a covariate in a linear model is appropriate for DE analysis, but a more robust model is needed for DN analysis. However, because true DN or DE patterns are not known for the empirical datasets, simulated datasets can be used to study the statistical properties of these methods in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Somnath Datta
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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6
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Wang J, Vallee I, Dutta A, Wang Y, Mo Z, Liu Z, Cui H, Su AI, Yang XL. Multi-Omics Database Analysis of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111384. [PMID: 33266490 PMCID: PMC7700366 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are key enzymes in the mRNA translation machinery, yet they possess numerous non-canonical functions developed during the evolution of complex organisms. The aaRSs and aaRS-interacting multi-functional proteins (AIMPs) are continually being implicated in tumorigenesis, but these connections are often limited in scope, focusing on specific aaRSs in distinct cancer subtypes. Here, we analyze publicly available genomic and transcriptomic data on human cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aaRSs across many cancer types. As high-throughput technologies have improved exponentially, large-scale projects have systematically quantified genetic alteration and expression from thousands of cancer patient samples. One such project is the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), which processed over 20,000 primary cancer and matched normal samples from 33 cancer types. The wealth of knowledge provided from this undertaking has streamlined the identification of cancer drivers and suppressors. We examined aaRS expression data produced by the TCGA project and combined this with patient survival data to recognize trends in aaRSs' impact on cancer both molecularly and prognostically. We further compared these trends to an established tumor suppressor and a proto-oncogene. We observed apparent upregulation of many tRNA synthetase genes with aggressive cancer types, yet, at the individual gene level, some aaRSs resemble a tumor suppressor while others show similarities to an oncogene. This study provides an unbiased, overarching perspective on the relationship of aaRSs with cancers and identifies certain aaRS family members as promising therapeutic targets or potential leads for developing biological therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.W.); (I.V.); (A.D.); (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (Z.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Ingrid Vallee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.W.); (I.V.); (A.D.); (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (Z.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Aditi Dutta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.W.); (I.V.); (A.D.); (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (Z.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.W.); (I.V.); (A.D.); (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (Z.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Zhongying Mo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.W.); (I.V.); (A.D.); (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (Z.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.W.); (I.V.); (A.D.); (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (Z.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Haissi Cui
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.W.); (I.V.); (A.D.); (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (Z.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Andrew I. Su
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.W.); (I.V.); (A.D.); (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (Z.L.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-784-8976; Fax: +1-858-784-7250
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7
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Wang J, Yang XL. Novel functions of cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases shaping the hallmarks of cancer. Enzymes 2020; 48:397-423. [PMID: 33837711 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
With the intense protein synthesis demands of cancer, the classical enzymatic role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) is required to sustain tumor growth. However, many if not all aaRSs also possess regulatory functions outside of the domain of catalytic tRNA aminoacylation, which can further contribute to or even antagonize cancers in non-translational ways. These regulatory functions of aaRS are likely to be manipulated in cancer to ensure uncontrolled growth and survival. This review will largely focus on the unique capacities of individual and sometimes collaborating synthetases to influence the hallmarks of cancer, which represent the principles and characteristics of tumorigenesis. An interesting feature of cytoplasmic aaRSs in higher eukaryotes is the formation of a large multi-synthetase complex (MSC) with nine aaRSs held together by three non-enzymatic scaffolding proteins (AIMPs). The MSC-associated aaRSs, when released from the complex in response to certain stimulations, often participate in pathways that promote tumorigenesis. In contrast, the freestanding aaRSs are associated with activities in both directions-some promoting while others inhibiting cancer. The AIMPs have emerged as potent tumor suppressors through their own distinct mechanisms. We propose that the tumor-suppressive roles of AIMPs may also be a consequence of keeping the cancer-promoting aaRSs within the MSC. The rich connections between cancer and the synthetases have inspired the development of innovative cancer treatments that target or take advantage of these novel functions of aaRSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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Roles of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multi-functional proteins in physiology and cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:579. [PMID: 32709848 PMCID: PMC7382500 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02794-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are an important class of enzymes with an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for protein synthesis. In higher eukaryotic systems, eight ARSs and three ARS-interacting multi-functional proteins (AIMPs) form a multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC), which seems to contribute to cellular homeostasis. Of these, AIMPs are generally considered as non-enzyme factors, playing a scaffolding role during MSC assembly. Although the functions of AIMPs are not fully understood, increasing evidence indicates that these scaffold proteins usually exert tumor-suppressive activities. In addition, endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II), as a cleavage product of AIMP1, and AIMP2-DX2, as a splice variant of AIMP2 lacking exon 2, also have a pivotal role in regulating tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of AIMP1, EMAP II, AIMP2, AIMP2-DX2, and AIMP3. Also, we systematically introduce their emerging roles in cancer, aiming to provide new ideas for the treatment of cancer.
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Lee S, Kim DG, Kim K, Kim T, Lim S, Kong H, Kim S, Suh YG. 2-Aminophenylpyrimidines as Novel Inhibitors of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Interacting Multifunctional Protein 2 (AIMP2)-DX2 for Lung Cancer Treatment. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3908-3914. [PMID: 32208684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase interacting multifunctional proteins (AIMPs) have recently been considered novel therapeutic targets in several cancers. In this publication we report the development of novel 2-aminophenylpyrimidines as new AIMP2-DX2 inhibitors. In particular, aminophenylpyrimidine 3 not only exhibited promising in vitro and in vivo potency but also exerted selective inhibition of H460 and A549 cells and AIMP2-DX2 rather than WI-26 cells and AIMP2. Aminophenylpyrimidine 3 offers possible therapeutic potential in the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbeom Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 11160, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Gyu Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyeojin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 11160, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Semi Lim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyejin Kong
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 11160, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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