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Zhou Y, Tao L, Qiu J, Xu J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Tian X, Guan X, Cen X, Zhao Y. Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:132. [PMID: 38763973 PMCID: PMC11102923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or the body's responses to tumors during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated to possess critical and encouraging value in screening and early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, recurrence detection, and therapeutic efficacy monitoring of cancers. Over the past decades, continuous progress has been made in exploring and discovering novel, sensitive, specific, and accurate tumor biomarkers, which has significantly promoted personalized medicine and improved the outcomes of cancer patients, especially advances in molecular biology technologies developed for the detection of tumor biomarkers. Herein, we summarize the discovery and development of tumor biomarkers, including the history of tumor biomarkers, the conventional and innovative technologies used for biomarker discovery and detection, the classification of tumor biomarkers based on tissue origins, and the application of tumor biomarkers in clinical cancer management. In particular, we highlight the recent advancements in biomarker-based anticancer-targeted therapies which are emerging as breakthroughs and promising cancer therapeutic strategies. We also discuss limitations and challenges that need to be addressed and provide insights and perspectives to turn challenges into opportunities in this field. Collectively, the discovery and application of multiple tumor biomarkers emphasized in this review may provide guidance on improved precision medicine, broaden horizons in future research directions, and expedite the clinical classification of cancer patients according to their molecular biomarkers rather than organs of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahao Qiu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinqi Guan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Leowattana W, Leowattana P, Leowattana T. Systemic treatments for resectable carcinoma of the esophagus. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4628-4641. [PMID: 37662861 PMCID: PMC10472899 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i30.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most prevalent malignancies in the world is esophageal cancer (EC). The 5-year survival rate of EC remains pitiful despite treatment advancements. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in conjunction with esophagectomy is the standard of care for patients with resectable disease. The pathological complete response rate, however, is not acceptable. A distant metastasis or a locoregional recurrence will occur in about half of the patients. To increase the clinical effectiveness of therapy, it is consequently vital to investigate cutting-edge and potent therapeutic modalities. The approach to the management of resectable EC using immunotherapy has been considerably altered by immune checkpoint inhibitors. Systemic immunotherapy has recently been shown to have the potential to increase the survival of patients with resectable EC, according to growing clinical data. A combination of chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy may have a synergistic antitumor impact because, according to mounting evidence, these treatments can stimulate the immune system via a number of different pathways. In light of this, it makes sense to consider the value of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for patients with surgically treatable EC. In this review, we clarify the rationale for neoadjuvant immunotherapy in resectable EC patients, recap the clinical outcomes of these approaches, go through the upcoming and ongoing investigations, and emphasize the difficulties and unmet research requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wattana Leowattana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Rachatawee 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pathomthep Leowattana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Rachatawee 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawithep Leowattana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakarinwirot University, Wattana 10110, Bangkok, Thailand
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Tian C, Wang X, Zhang S. CTLA-4 and its inhibitors in esophageal cancer: efficacy of therapy and potential mechanisms of adverse events. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:3140-3156. [PMID: 37559996 PMCID: PMC10408473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, and its prognosis remains poor. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the most common treatment strategies for esophageal cancer. Although these conventional treatment methods are sometimes beneficial, patients with esophageal cancer still have a high risk of local relapse and metastasis. Thus, novel and effective therapies are needed. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a type of immunotherapy being studied as a treatment for patients with advanced cancers, and strategies using such inhibitors have rapidly progressed to be recognized as transformative treatments for various cancers in recent years. Immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy have become the first-line and second-line treatment strategies for advanced esophageal cancer. In addition, immune checkpoint inhibitors have also been recognized as another option for patients with terminal esophageal cancer who cannot benefit from chemotherapy, and they even have potential benefits as a novel neoadjuvant treatment option for locally advanced esophageal cancer. Currently, there are two types of immune checkpoint inhibitors commonly applied in clinical practice: immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 and immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4. However, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 immune checkpoint inhibitors are rarely used compared with programmed death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitors in esophageal cancer and other cancers, and the clinical benefit is unclear. We analyzed and summarized the efficacy and safety of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Due to the lack of clinical applications, it is expected that cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with other treatments may provide superior benefits and improve the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenrui Tian
- Henan Provincial Peoples Hospital, Xinxiang Medical UniversityNo. 601, Jinsui Avenue, Hongqi District, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
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Yan Y, Feng X, Li C, Lerut T, Li H. Treatments for resectable esophageal cancer: from traditional systemic therapy to immunotherapy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:2143-2156. [PMID: 36525602 PMCID: PMC9771193 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Esophageal cancer (EC) has a high incidence and poor prognosis. The two major histological types, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, differ in their epidemiology and treatment options. Patients with locally advanced EC benefit from multimodal therapy concepts including neoadjuvant chemotherapy, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, and perioperative chemotherapy. Currently, immunotherapy for the solid tumor is a hot spot. Treatment with adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is the first immunotherapy for resectable EC listed in the latest National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines for the Esophageal and Esophagogastric Junction Cancers. Recent clinical trials have established ICIs for three treatment models of resectable EC. Their short-term results demonstrated ideal efficacy and tolerable toxicity, though some concerns remain. This review summarizes the novel data on the ICIs for resectable EC and lists the registered related clinical trials. Hopefully, this review can provide a reference for ongoing research on the treatment options for resectable EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xijia Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chengqiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Toni Lerut
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Hecheng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Qiu G, Deng Y. ZFP64 transcriptionally activates PD-1 and CTLA-4 and plays an oncogenic role in esophageal cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 622:72-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Chen X, Yu Y, Wu H, Qiu J, Ke D, Wu Y, Lin M, Liu T, Zheng Q, Zheng H, Yang J, Wang Z, Li H, Liu L, Yao Q, Li J, Cheng W. A Novel Model Combining Tumor Length, Tumor Thickness, TNM_Stage, Nutritional Index, and Inflammatory Index Might Be Superior to the 8th TNM Staging Criteria in Predicting the Prognosis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Treated With Definitive Chemoradiotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:896788. [PMID: 35719969 PMCID: PMC9198351 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.896788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to determine whether the tumor length and tumor thickness should be used as prognostic factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT). Methods A retrospective analysis consists of 902 non-operative ESCC patients received dCRT. The nomogram was used to predict the survival. Besides, Restricted Cubic Splines (RCS) was used to examine the relationship between prognostic factors and survival outcomes. Finally, the prognostic index (PI) scores were constructed according to the tumor length and tumor thickness, and the patients were divided into the low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. Results The median follow-up of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 23.0 months and 17.5 months. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that tumor length and tumor thickness were independent prognostic factors associated with survival. Our novel nomograms for OS and PFS were superior to the TNM classification (p < 0.001). Besides, RCS analysis demonstrated that the death hazard of tumor length and tumor thickness sharply increased at 7.7 cm and 1.6 cm (p < 0.001). Finally, there were significant differences for ESCC patients with clinical TNM stage group of the OS and PFS in different risk groups. The higher risk group was significantly associated with shorter OS and PFS in ESCC patients (both p < 0.001 for all). Conclusion The study results suggest that the novel models integrating tumor length and tumor thickness may provide a simple and widely available method for evaluating the prognosis of non-operative ESCC patients. The tumor length and tumor thickness should be considered as prognostic factors for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Graduate School of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou, China
| | - Yilin Yu
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haishan Wu
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianjian Qiu
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Ke
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yahua Wu
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingqiang Lin
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tianxiu Liu
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qunhao Zheng
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lingyun Liu
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Yao
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Graduate School of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenfang Cheng, ; Jiancheng Li, ; Qiwei Yao,
| | - Jiancheng Li
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Graduate School of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenfang Cheng, ; Jiancheng Li, ; Qiwei Yao,
| | - Wenfang Cheng
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Graduate School of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenfang Cheng, ; Jiancheng Li, ; Qiwei Yao,
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Li D, Fu Z, Dong C, Song Y. Methyltransferase 3, N6-adenosine-methyltransferase complex catalytic subunit-induced long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1833 N6-methyladenosine methylation promotes the non-small cell lung cancer progression via regulating heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 expression. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10493-10503. [PMID: 35441574 PMCID: PMC9161889 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1833 (LINC01833) exhibits elevated expression in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues, while its molecular mechanism in NSCLC progression remains elusive. Herein, the proliferation, migration, invasion as well as apoptosis of NSCLC cells were assessed. The potential N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification site was predicted by the m6aVar tool. RNA pulldown and m6A-specific immunoprecipitation assays were used to detect the interaction between LINC01833 and methyltransferase 3, N6-adenosine-methyltransferase complex catalytic subunit (METTL3). RNA pull-down together with mass spectrometry were performed to assess the binding relationship between LINC01833 and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (HNRNPA2B1) in NSCLC. Tumor xenograft mice model was established, and the tumor size and weight were measured. The results demonstrated that LINC01833 expression was elevated in NSCLC samples. Overexpression of LINC01833 promoted proliferative, migratory, and invasive abilities and inhibited HCC827 cell apoptosis. LINC01833 knockdown inhibited tumor growth in mice. LINC01833 is further demonstrated to be modulated by METTL3, which is highly expressed in NSCLC samples. In addition, RNA pulldown and m6A-specific immunoprecipitation assays indicated that LINC01833 might form a complex with HNRNPA2B1. In conclusion, m6A transferase METTL3-induced LINC01833 m6A methylation promotes NSCLC progression through modulating HNRNPA2B1 expression. Our findings indicated that LINC01833 might be a therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, hanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospitalṣ Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Zejun Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, hanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospitalṣ Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Chaoqun Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, hanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospitalṣ Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Yongming Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, hanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospitalṣ Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, China
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Su R, Zhu J, Wu S, Luo H, He Y. Prognostic Significance of Platelet (PLT) and Platelet to Mean Platelet Volume (PLT/MPV) Ratio During Apatinib Second-Line or Late-Line Treatment in Advanced Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338211072974. [PMID: 35072577 PMCID: PMC8808027 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211072974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Apatinib has a certain efficacy for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of platelet (PLT) and platelet to mean platelet volume (PLT/MPV) ratio for advanced ESCC patients with apatinib second-line or late-line treatment. Methods: A retrospective study included 80 patients with advanced ESCC who received Apatinib ≥ 2 lines targeted therapy. We collected baseline clinical characteristics and blood parameters from the patients. Kaplan-Meier plots and univariate and multivariate analysis were used to find the factors related to progression-free survival (PFS). Results: The optimal cut-off values of PLT and PLT/MPV ratio were determined by X-tile software. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that patients in the high PLT group had better PFS than those in the low PLT group (156 d vs 80 d, P <.001), and patients in the high PLT/MPV ratio group had better PFS than those in low PLT/MPV ratio group (157 d vs 85 d, P <.001). Univariate analysis revealed pretreatment PLT and PLT/MPV ratio were significantly correlated with PFS. Multivariate analysis revealed high levels of pretreatment PLT/MPV ratio was an independent predictor of longer PFS (HR: 0.257, 95% CI: 0.089-0.743, P = .012). Conclusion: High levels of baseline PLT and PLT/MPV may indicate a better prognosis in apatinib ≥ 2 lines treatment for advanced ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixin Su
- Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University,
Luyang District, Hefei, China
| | - Jingya Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University,
Luyang District, Hefei, China
| | - Shusheng Wu
- West Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of University of
Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, Hefei, China Rixin Su and Jingya
Zhu contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first
authors
| | - Huiqin Luo
- West Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of University of
Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, Hefei, China Rixin Su and Jingya
Zhu contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first
authors
| | - Yifu He
- West Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of University of
Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, Hefei, China Rixin Su and Jingya
Zhu contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first
authors
- Yifu He, West Branch of the First
Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, No. 107
Huanhudong Road, Shushan District, Hefei, China.
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Wang DK, Zuo Q, He QY, Li B. Targeted Immunotherapies in Gastrointestinal Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Implications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705999. [PMID: 34447376 PMCID: PMC8383067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and remains a major challenge for cancer treatment. Despite the combined administration of modern surgical techniques and chemoradiotherapy (CRT), the overall 5-year survival rate of gastrointestinal cancer patients in advanced stage disease is less than 15%, due to rapid disease progression, metastasis, and CRT resistance. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer progression and optimized treatment strategies for gastrointestinal cancer are urgently needed. With increasing evidence highlighting the protective role of immune responses in cancer initiation and progression, immunotherapy has become a hot research topic in the integrative management of gastrointestinal cancer. Here, an overview of the molecular understanding of colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer and gastric cancer is provided. Subsequently, recently developed immunotherapy strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies, tumor vaccines and therapies targeting other immune cells, have been described. Finally, the underlying mechanisms, fundamental research and clinical trials of each agent are discussed. Overall, this review summarizes recent advances and future directions for immunotherapy for patients with gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bin Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Holah NS. The Clinical Value of VDR and CTLA 4 in Evaluating the Prognosis of Invasive Duct Carcinoma of Egyptian Patients and their Benefit as a Target Therapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:1183-1194. [PMID: 33906311 PMCID: PMC8325144 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.4.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast cancer represents the second most common female malignancies worldwide and the most common in Egypt. The nuclear vitamin D receptor plays a role in the biology of cancer by affecting inflammatory microenvironment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of VDR and CTLA 4 in invasive duct carcinoma of Egyptian patients. METHODS This is a retrospective study that included 70 invasive duct carcinoma specimens retrieved from the archival material of Pathology Department, Faculty of medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt, spanning the period between January 2010 and December 2017. All cases were stained for VDR and CTLA 4 antibodies. RESULTS There is significant association between high VDR expression in tumor cells and parameters of good prognosis as low tumor stage (T1) and (N0) stage. On the other hand, there is significant association between low CTLA4 tumor expression and good prognostic parameters as low tumor stage (T1) and absent vascular invasion. Regarding lymphocyte expression, there is significant association between positive CTLA4 expression in lymphocytes and parameters of good prognosis as absent metastasis. High VDR tumor expression is the most independent prognostic factor on overall survival of breast carcinoma patients. CONCLUSION high VDR expression in tumor cells is associated with good prognostic parameters and is the most independent prognostic factor on overall survival so it might be of benefit as a target therapy for Egyptian invasive duct carcinoma patients and VDR might augment the expression of CTLA-4, So tailored immunotherapy might have an impact on invasive duct carcinoma patients.<br />.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanis Shawky Holah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
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