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Liu F, Nong X, Qu W, Li X. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 12 major active components in normal and chronic gastritis rats after oral administration of Weikangling capsules. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023:116722. [PMID: 37271330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Weikangling Capsules (WKLCs) have been used in the clinic for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders for more than 30 years. However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue distribution of its major bioactive components in rats under different physiological and pathological conditions are unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aimed to clarify the differences in pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution of the major active components in WKLCs under physiological and pathological states. MATERIALS AND METHOD Normal and ethanol-induced chronic gastritis rats received 2.16 g/kg WKLCs by gavage, and urine, feces, plasma, and tissue (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, and small intestine) samples were obtained. The active components in urine, feces and plasma were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). A rapid and sensitive analytical method, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS), was established and validated to clarify and compare the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the major active components in normal and chronic gastritis rats. RESULTS A total of 36 chemical components in the feces, urine, and plasma of chronic gastritis rats were identified by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Among them, 20 were the prototype components of WKLCs, and 16 were metabolites. The pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue distribution of 12 prototype components were successfully analyzed by UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS. The pharmacokinetic results showed that the Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ of paeoniflorin, glycyrrhizic acid, and glycyrrhetinic acid were distinctly higher than those of the other components in normal and chronic gastritis rats. Compared to normal rats, the Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ of albiflorin, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, ononin, isoliquiritigenin, dactylorhin A, and glycyrrhizic acid were significantly increased in chronic gastritis rats (P < 0.05), while the Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ of militarine and liquiritigenin had significantly lower decreases in chronic gastritis rats (P < 0.05). The results of the tissue distribution showed that the 12 components were widely distributed in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, and small intestine of rats, of which the liver, kidney, stomach, and small intestine were the main accumulative organs. Compared with normal rats, the concentrations of 12 components in the liver, kidney, stomach, and small intestine of chronic gastritis rats were widely higher than those of normal rats at the same time points. CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue distribution of 12 active components of WKLCs were comprehensively characterized and elucidated in normal and chronic gastritis rats. These findings laid a solid foundation for revealing the pharmacodynamic material basis of WKLCs in treating gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaojing Nong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenhua Qu
- Heilongjiang Sunflower Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Heilongjiang, 150070, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Li Y, Meng W, Yuan L, Jiang L, Zhou Z, Chi M, Gong Z, Ma X, Huang Y, Zheng L. Identification of Protosappanoside D from Caesalpinia decapetala and Evaluation of Its Pharmacokinetic, Metabolism and Pharmacological Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186090. [PMID: 36144821 PMCID: PMC9506044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protosappanoside D (PTD) is a new component isolated from the extract of Caesalpinia decapetala for the first time. Its structure was identified as protosappanin B-3-O-β-D-glucoside by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR and MS techniques. To date, the pharmacological activities, metabolism or pharmacokinetics of PTD has not been reported. Therefore, this research to study the anti-inflammatory activity of PTD was investigated via the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells model. At the same time, we also used the UHPLC/Q Exactive Plus MS and UPLC-MS/MS methods to study the metabolites and pharmacokinetics of PTD, to calculate its bioavailability for the first time. The results showed that PTD could downregulate secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the metabolic study, four metabolites were identified, and the primary degradative pathways in vivo involved the desaturation, oxidation, methylation, alkylation, dehydration, degradation and desugarization. In the pharmacokinetic study, PTD and its main metabolite protosappanin B (PTB) were measured after oral and intravenous administration. After oral administration of PTD, its Tmax was 0.49 h, t1/2z and MRT(0–t) were 3.47 ± 0.78 h and 3.06 ± 0.63 h, respectively. It shows that PTD was quickly absorbed into plasma and it may be eliminated quickly in the body, and its bioavailability is about 0.65%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Wensha Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Zuying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Mingyan Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Zipeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
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Zou Y, Wang Y, Li K, Zhou M, Li J, Wang X, Tan R, Wu C, Liu Y, Li W, Zheng J. Metabolic Activation of Militarine In Vitro and In Vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:817-828. [PMID: 35476398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bletilla striata is consumed as food and herbal medicine. Militarine (MLT) is a major ingredient in B. striata. Previous studies demonstrated that MLT showed teratogenic toxicity to zebrafish embryos. The present study aimed to identify reactive metabolites possibly involved in the cytotoxicity of MLT and determine the metabolic pathways involved. MLT was found to be hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) by β-glucosidase and esterases. The resulting HBA further underwent spontaneous dehydration to form quinone methide. HBA was also metabolized to the corresponding sulfate, followed by departure of the sulfate to generate a quinone methide. The resultant quinone methide reacted with hepatic glutathione (GSH) and protein to form the corresponding GSH conjugate and protein adduction. Additionally, inhibition of sulfotransferases (SULTs) attenuated the susceptibility of hepatocytes to the toxicity of MLT. This study provides that the hydrolytic enzymes β-glucosidase, esterases, and SULTs participate in the metabolic activation of MLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Kunna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Mengyue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Wuya of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Rong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Chutian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.,Wuya of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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Li L, Hao B, Zhang Y, Ji S, Chou G. Metabolite Profiling and Distribution of Militarine in Rats Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051082. [PMID: 32121087 PMCID: PMC7179186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Militarine, a natural glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalate, isolated from Bletilla striata, was reported with a prominent neuroprotective effect recently. The limited information on the metabolism of militarine impedes comprehension of its biological actions and pharmacology. This study aimed to investigate the metabolite profile and the distribution of militarine in vivo, which help to clarify the action mechanism further. A total of 71 metabolites (57 new metabolites) in rats were identified with a systematic method by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). The proposed metabolic pathways of militarine include hydrolyzation, oxidation, glycosylation, esterification, sulfation, glucuronidation and glycine conjugation. Militarine and its metabolites were distributed extensively in the treated rats. Notably, six metabolites of militarine were identified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which were highly consistent with the metabolites after oral administration of gastrodin in rats. Among the metabolites in CSF, five of them were not reported before. It is the first systematic metabolic study of militarine in vivo, which is very helpful for better comprehension of the functions and the central nervous system (CNS) bioactivities of militarine. The findings will also provide an essential reference for the metabolism of other glucosylated benzyl esters of succinic, malic, tartaric and citric acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China;
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Bin Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yulong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shen Ji
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Guixin Chou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-50271706
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Simultaneous Determination of Three Bioactive Constituents from Bletilla striata by UPLC-MS/MS and Application of the Technique to Pharmacokinetic Analyses. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:8942512. [PMID: 31772602 PMCID: PMC6854942 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8942512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bletilla striata has been widely used as a valuable hemostatic agent for thousands of years due to the high levels of bioactive constituents it contains. Here, we used a sensitive ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of three major active ingredients of the B. striata extract, namely, α-isobutylmalic acid, gymnoside I, and militarine in rat plasma. The three major active ingredients were determined using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode at m/z 189 ⟶ 129 for α-isobutylmalic acid, m/z 457.2 ⟶ 285.1 for gymnoside I, m/z 725.3 ⟶ 457.2 for militarine, and m/z 417.0 ⟶ 267.0 for the IS puerarin. All calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.999) over the concentration range with the lower limit of quantification between 0.015 and 0.029 μg/mL. The relative standard deviations of intraday and interday measurements were less than 15%, and the method was accurate within 93.3–100.4%. The extraction recovery was 92.65–100.98%, and no matrix effect was observed. The results indicated that after oral administration of B. striata in rats, the Tmax of α-isobutylmalic acid was significantly longer than that of gymnoside I and militarine and the mean residence time and area under the curve of α-isobutylmalic acid and gymnoside I in rats were significantly higher than those of militarine. Moreover, the blood concentration-time curve of α-isobutylmalic acid showed double peaks, suggesting that α-isobutylmalic acid could exhibit the phenomenon of enterohepatic circulation or metabolic conversion. We also explored some of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of three ingredients from B. striata extract in vivo, and the data obtained may provide a basis for the further investigation of B. striata.
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