Estimation of Sialic Acid and IL10 Levels in Stage 1 and 2 Periodontitis Patients

Salivary IL-17 and IL-10 as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers of Different Stages of Periodontitis in Smoker and Nonsmoker Patients

OBJECTIVES

 The gold standard in the field of periodontal research currently is to find a valid biomarker that can reliably be used for diagnosing periodontal diseases. Given the limitations of the current diagnostic tools that stall to predict susceptible individuals and determine whether active tissue destruction is occurring, there is an increased urge to develop alternative diagnostic techniques that would compensate for the problems inherited in these available methods, such as measuring levels of biomarkers present in oral fluids such as saliva; so the aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic potential of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-10 to differentiate periodontal health from smoker and nonsmoker periodontitis, and to differentiate among different stages (severities) of periodontitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 An observational case-control study was performed on 175 systemically healthy participants grouped into healthy as controls and periodontitis as cases. Periodontitis cases were divided according to the severity into stages I, II, and III, and each of the stages was further subdivided into smokers and nonsmokers patients. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected, clinical parameters were recorded, and salivary levels were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

 Elevated levels of IL-17 and IL-10 were associated with stage I and II compared with the healthy controls. However, a significant decrease in stage III was observed compared with the control group for both biomarkers.

CONCLUSION

 Salivary IL-17 and IL-10 might be useful for distinguishing periodontal health from periodontitis; however, further research is needed to substantiate their use as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of periodontitis.

Positive correlational shift between crevicular antimicrobial peptide LL-37, pain and periodontal status following non-surgical periodontal therapy. A pilot study

BACKGROUND

Periodontitis has a high prevalence and uncertain recurrence. Unlike the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, little is known about the anti-inflammatory cytokine and antimicrobial peptide overview following treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate if any of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, interleukin (IL) 4, 10 and 6 together with the volume of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and total protein concentration in GCF could be used as correlative biomarkers for the severity in periodontitis as well as prognostic factors in the management of the disease.

METHODS

Forty-five participants were recruited and allocated to the healthy (15), Stage I-II (15) or Stage III-IV periodontitis (15) group. Along with periodontal examination, GCF samples were obtained at baseline and 4-6 weeks following scaling and root planing (SRP) for the periodontitis groups. GCF samples were analyzed by ELISA kits to quantify LL-37 and IL-4, -6 and - 10. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test was used to determine differences among the three groups at baseline. Two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak's post-hoc test was used to compare between pre- and post-SRP in the two periodontitis groups.

RESULTS

The amount of GCF volume was significantly correlated to the severity of periodontitis and decreased following SRP, particularly in the Stage III-IV group (p < 0.01). The levels of LL-37, IL-6, and pain and periodontal clinical parameters were significantly correlated to the severity of periodontitis. IL-4 and IL-10 in the periodontitis groups were significantly lower than the healthy group (p < 0.0001) and barely improved following SRP up to the level of the healthy group.

CONCLUSIONS

With the limitations of this study, crevicular LL-37 may be a candidate for a biomarker of periodontitis and the associated pain upon probing.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study was registered in clinical trials.gov, with number NCT04404335, dated 27/05/2020.

Salivary Biomarkers in Periodontitis Patients: A Pilot Study

Background and Objective. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition, involving the destruction of both soft and hard tissues in the periodontal region. Advances in diagnostic research are moving toward methods whereby the periodontal risk can be identified and quantified by objective measures using specific inflammatory markers that can be correlated to the severity of the disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate salivary concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-8, and IL-10 in healthy and periodontitis patients and to assess the association between these biomarkers levels and clinical parameters in a Moroccan population. Materials and Methods. Forty subjects were included: 10 periodontally healthy subjects and 30 periodontitis patients. Periodontal examination and saliva sampling were performed in all patients. Levels of salivary cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-8, and IL-10 were evaluated by a sandwich ELISA test kit. Data were analyzed by SPSS for Windows. Results. Regarding individual biomarkers, IL-1β, IL-6, and MMP-8 levels were significantly higher in periodontitis patients ( $p\le 0.001$ , $p<\text{0.}05$ , respectively). The concentration of these proteins in saliva showed a significant association with gingival index and pocket depth measurements and may reflect the clinical status of healthy and diseased periodontium. However, no significant differences were observed for the IL-10 component. Conclusion. IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations were statistically higher in periodontitis patients and may be used as potential tools in periodontitis diagnosis.