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Zhou T, Song G, Tian D, Liu Q, Shen J, Yang X, Zhao P. Nuciferine relieves type 2 diabetes mellitus via enhancing GLUT4 expression and translocation. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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2
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The Potential of Flavonoids and Flavonoid Metabolites in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Pathology in Disorders of Cognitive Decline. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030663. [PMID: 36978911 PMCID: PMC10045397 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a biodiverse family of dietary compounds that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial cell protective profiles. They have received considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents in biomedicine and have been widely used in traditional complimentary medicine for generations. Such complimentary medical herbal formulations are extremely complex mixtures of many pharmacologically active compounds that provide a therapeutic outcome through a network pharmacological effects of considerable complexity. Methods are emerging to determine the active components used in complimentary medicine and their therapeutic targets and to decipher the complexities of how network pharmacology provides such therapeutic effects. The gut microbiome has important roles to play in the generation of bioactive flavonoid metabolites retaining or exceeding the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of the intact flavonoid and, in some cases, new antitumor and antineurodegenerative bioactivities. Certain food items have been identified with high prebiotic profiles suggesting that neutraceutical supplementation may be beneficially employed to preserve a healthy population of bacterial symbiont species and minimize the establishment of harmful pathogenic organisms. Gut health is an important consideration effecting the overall health and wellbeing of linked organ systems. Bioconversion of dietary flavonoid components in the gut generates therapeutic metabolites that can also be transported by the vagus nerve and systemic circulation to brain cell populations to exert a beneficial effect. This is particularly important in a number of neurological disorders (autism, bipolar disorder, AD, PD) characterized by effects on moods, resulting in depression and anxiety, impaired motor function, and long-term cognitive decline. Native flavonoids have many beneficial properties in the alleviation of inflammation in tissues, however, concerns have been raised that therapeutic levels of flavonoids may not be achieved, thus allowing them to display optimal therapeutic effects. Dietary manipulation and vagal stimulation have both yielded beneficial responses in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders, depression, and anxiety, establishing the vagal nerve as a route of communication in the gut-brain axis with established roles in disease intervention. While a number of native flavonoids are beneficial in the treatment of neurological disorders and are known to penetrate the blood–brain barrier, microbiome-generated flavonoid metabolites (e.g., protocatechuic acid, urolithins, γ-valerolactones), which retain the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potency of the native flavonoid in addition to bioactive properties that promote mitochondrial health and cerebrovascular microcapillary function, should also be considered as potential biotherapeutic agents. Studies are warranted to experimentally examine the efficacy of flavonoid metabolites directly, as they emerge as novel therapeutic options.
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Wang T, Zhang Y, Wang B, Tang J, Guo X, Li S, Qin L, Zhang L. Screening of Antimicrobial Ingredients in Forsythia Leaves Using Target Constituent Knock-out/Knock-in Strategy and Evaluation of the Combination Effects with Antibiotics. Nat Prod Commun 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x231163034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To screen and identify the antimicrobial ingredients of Forsythia suspensa leaves (FL). A screening method based on a constituent knock-out/knock-in strategy was conducted. The antimicrobial activities of FL components against seven commonly infective strains were determined using the Oxford cup method. Their antimicrobial effects when used in combination with common antibiotics were investigated by a checkerboard titration method. Two of the seven strains, Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), were considered to be the most sensitive to the inhibitory effect of FL. The main antimicrobial components in FL were forsythoside I and forsythoside A. The co-administration of vancomycin with forsythoside A was found to have a significant synergistic inhibiting effect on MRSA. Some phenylethanol glycoside components play a major contribution to the antimicrobial effect of FL. This provides a reference for the research and development of FL for both medicinal and food purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Functional Food with Homologous of Medicine and Food, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - YuanBo Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Bozhou Vocational and Technical College, Bozhou, China
| | - BaiFang Wang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - JianKai Tang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - XueJian Guo
- Institute of Molecular Science, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - ShiFei Li
- Institute of Molecular Science, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - LingHao Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Guo Y, Dai W, Zheng Y, Qiao W, Chen W, Peng L, Zhou H, Zhao T, Liu H, Zheng F, Sun P. Mechanism and Regulation of Microglia Polarization in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207080. [PMID: 36296682 PMCID: PMC9611828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal subtype of stroke, but effective treatments are lacking, and neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis. In the innate immune response to cerebral hemorrhage, microglia first appear around the injured tissue and are involved in the inflammatory cascade response. Microglia respond to acute brain injury by being activated and polarized to either a typical M1-like (pro-inflammatory) or an alternative M2-like (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. These two polarization states produce pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. With the discovery of the molecular mechanisms and key signaling molecules related to the polarization of microglia in the brain, some targets that regulate the polarization of microglia to reduce the inflammatory response are considered a treatment for secondary brain tissue after ICH damage effective strategies. Therefore, how to promote the polarization of microglia to the M2 phenotype after ICH has become the focus of attention in recent years. This article reviews the mechanism of action of microglia’s M1 and M2 phenotypes in secondary brain injury after ICH. Moreover, it discusses compounds and natural pharmaceutical ingredients that can polarize the M1 to the M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Weibo Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528401, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Weilin Qiao
- Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528411, China
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528411, China
| | - Lihua Peng
- Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528411, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Foreign Languages, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Huimin Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362002, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Peng Sun
- Innovation Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (P.S.)
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Fang Z, Wei L, Lv Y, Wang T, Hamezah HS, Han R, Tong X. Phillyrin restores metabolic disorders in mice fed with high-fat diet through inhibition of interleukin-6-mediated basal lipolysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:956218. [PMID: 36276810 PMCID: PMC9581271 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.956218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of white adipose tissue as an energy reservoir is impaired in obesity, leading to lipid spillover and ectopic lipid deposition. Adipose tissue inflammation can reduce the efficacy of lipid storage in adipocytes by augmenting basal lipolysis through producing interleukin-6 (IL-6). Therefore, pharmacological compounds targeting adipose tissue inflammation or IL-6 signaling might have the potential to combat obesity. This study aims to investigate the impact of Phillyrin, which is frequently used for treating respiratory infections in clinics in China, on obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions. Firstly, a mouse model of diet-induced obesity is used to assess the pharmacological applications of Phillyrin on obesity in vivo. Secondly, ex vivo culture of adipose tissue explants is utilized to investigate actions of Phillyrin on IL-6-linked basal lipolysis. Thirdly, a mouse model of IL-6 injection into visceral adipose tissue is explored to confirm the anti-basal lipolytic effect of Phillyrin against IL-6 in vivo. The results show that Phillyrin treatment reduces circulating level of glycerol, decreases hepatic steatosis and improves insulin sensitivity in obese mice. Meanwhile, Phillyrin attenuates obesity-related inflammation and IL-6 production in adipose tissue in obese mice. Furthermore, Phillyrin treatment results in resistance to IL-6-induced basal lipolysis in adipose tissue through suppressing expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) both in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, these findings suggest that Phillyrin can restrain lipid efflux from inflamed adipose tissue in obesity by inhibiting IL-6-initiated basal lipolysis and ATGL expression, and thus is a potential candidate in the treatment of obesity-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizheng Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yanping Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Tongsheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | | | - Rongchun Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Rongchun Han,
| | - Xiaohui Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China,Xiaohui Tong,
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6
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Zhou C, Lu M, Cheng J, Rohani ER, Hamezah HS, Han R, Tong X. Review on the Pharmacological Properties of Phillyrin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123670. [PMID: 35744798 PMCID: PMC9231344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phillyrin is an effective lignan glycoside extracted from a traditional Chinese medicine Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (Oleaceae). It mainly exists in the roots, stems, leaves and fruits of the plant, with the highest content in the leaves. In terms of its medicinal application, there are a large number of experimental data proving its pharmacological effects in vitro and in animal models, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-tumor, etc. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic experiments have also shown phillyrin's high effectiveness and low toxicity. Despite more than one thousand studies in the literature on phillyrin retrievable from Web of Science, PubMed, and CNKI, few reviews on its pharmacological activities have been presented conclusively. In this paper, we aimed to summarize the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of phillyrin from the current literature, focusing on its anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antiviral, antibacterial, hepatoprotective and anti-cancer effects, hoping to come up with new insights for its application as well as future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (C.Z.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (R.H.)
| | - Mengya Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (C.Z.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (R.H.)
| | - Jialei Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (C.Z.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (R.H.)
| | - Emelda Rosseleena Rohani
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (E.R.R.); (H.S.H.)
| | - Hamizah Shahirah Hamezah
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (E.R.R.); (H.S.H.)
| | - Rongchun Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (C.Z.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (R.H.)
| | - Xiaohui Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-551-6812-9171; Fax: +86-551-6812-9028
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Wu B, Li Y, Zhao W, Meng Z, Ji W, Wang C. Transcriptomic and Lipidomic Analysis of Lipids in Forsythia suspensa. Front Genet 2021; 12:758326. [PMID: 34764985 PMCID: PMC8575889 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.758326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Forsythiae Fructus (Lianqiao in Chinese) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. The lipid components in Forsythiae Fructus are the basis of plant growth and active metabolism. Samples were collected at two growth stages for a comprehensive study. Transcriptome and lipidomics were performed by using the RNA-seq and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS techniques separately. For the first time, it was reported that there were 5802 lipid components in Lianqiao comprised of 31.7% glycerolipids, 16.57% phospholipids, 13.18% sphingolipids, and 10.54% fatty acids. Lipid components such as terpenes and flavonoids have pharmacological activity, but their content was low. Among these lipids which were isolated from Forsythiae Fructus, 139 showed significant differences from the May and July harvest periods. The lipids of natural products are mainly concentrated in pregnenolones and polyvinyl lipids. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 92,294 unigenes, and 1533 of these were differentially expressed. There were 551 differential genes enriched in 119 KEGG pathways. The de novo synthesis pathways of terpenoids and flavonoids were explored. Combined with the results of lipidomics and transcriptomics, it is hypothesized that in the synthesis of abscisic acid, a terpenoid, may be under the dynamic regulation of genes EC: 1.1.1.288, EC: 1.14.14.137 and EC: 1.13.11.51 in balanced state. In the synthesis of gibberellin, GA20-oxidase (GA20ox, EC: 1.14.11.12), and GA3-oxidase (GA3ox, EC: 1.14.11.15) catalyze the production of active GAs, and EC: 1.14.11.13 is the metabolic enzymes of active GAs. In the synthesis of flavonoids, MF (multifunctional), PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), CHS (chalcone synthase), ANS (anthocyanidin synthase), FLS (flavonol synthase) are all key enzymes. The results of the present study provide valuable reference information for further research on the metabolic pathways of the secondary metabolites of Forsythia suspensa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yinping Li
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural, Sciences (CAAS), Xingcheng, China
| | - Wenjia Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wen Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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Jiang Q, Wei D, He X, Gan C, Long X, Zhang H. Phillyrin Prevents Neuroinflammation-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Damage Following Traumatic Brain Injury via Altering Microglial Polarization. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:719823. [PMID: 34744713 PMCID: PMC8565465 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.719823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phillyrin (Phi) is the main polyphenolic compound found in Forsythia suspensa. Recent studies have revealed that Phi has potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. However, whether Phi could relieve blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains unknown. Materials and Methods: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to activate primary microglia, which were then treated with different doses of Phi or the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) antagonist (GW9662). CCK-8 assay was used for evaluating cell viability, and the cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IL-4, IL-10, and TGFβ), microglial phenotypic markers (iNOS, COX2, and CD86 for "M1" polarization; Arg1, Ym1, and CD206 for "M2" polarization), PPARγ, and NF-κB were determined by RT-PCR, Western blot, or cellular immunofluorescence. Primary cultured mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were stimulated by the condition medium (CM) from microglia. The cell viability, angiogenesis, and tight junction of BMECs were determined via CCK-8 assay, tube formation assay, and Western blot (for detecting MMP3, MMP9, ZO1, claudin-5, and occludin). Furthermore, the mouse TBI model was constructed and treated with Phi and/or GW9662. The BBB integrity was evaluated by H&E staining, Evans blue staining, and tissue immunofluorescence. Results: Phi markedly restrained the pro-inflammatory ("M1" state) cytokines and promoted anti-inflammatory ("M2" polarization) cytokines in LPS-mediated microglia. Phi mitigated "M1" polarization and promoted "M2" polarization of microglia via enhancing PPARγ and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. The PPARγ antagonist GW9662 significantly repressed Phi-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. Meanwhile, Phi enhanced the viability, tube formation ability, and cell junction of BMECs. In the TBI mouse model, Phi promoted "M2" polarization, whereas it repressed the "M1" polarization of microglia. In addition, Phi reduced TBI-mediated BBB damage. However, the protective effects of Phi were reversed mainly by GW9662 treatment. Conclusion: Phi prevents BBB damage via inhibiting the neuroinflammation of microglia through the PPARγ/NF-κB pathway, which provides a potential therapeutic drug against TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuejun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Gan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobing Long
- Department of Emergency, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaqiu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Liu Y, Zhao J, Guo Y, Wang M, Li X, Zhang B. Mutagenic and teratogenic toxicity evaluation of Forsythia suspensa leaves aqueous extract. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:1825-1832. [PMID: 33588684 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1883645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Forsythia suspensa leaves (FSL), rich in phillyrin, forsythiaside A, phillygenin, rutin, and other compounds, is a known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It has been effective in heat retreat and detoxification. In this study, we performed the mutagenic and teratogenic toxicity evaluation of FSL aqueous extract (FSLAE) using the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay, spermatocyte chromosomal aberration assay in mice. Kunming mice and SD rats were used were for the mutagenic and the teratogenic studies, respectively. We found that FSLAE was not mutagenic and did not induce unfavorable chromosomal events. Additionally, the Ames test revealed FSLAE was not genotoxic and showed no mutagenic activity in histidine dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium at concentrations up to 5000 μg/plate. Likewise, in vivo test revealed no induced micronucleus of mouse bone marrow or chromosome aberration in spermatocytes up to the dose of 10.00 g/kg BW. For the teratogenic evaluations, pregnant rats were treated with 1.04, 2.08, and 4.17 g/kg FSL, and fetuses were examined on the 6-15 day of pregnancy. We observed no maternal toxicity and embryotoxicity related to the treatment. Based on these in vitro and in vivo studies, we concluded the genotoxic and teratogenic safety of FSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
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Analysis of chemical compounds and toxicological evaluation of Forsythia suspensa leaves tea. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:305-314. [PMID: 33732521 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the compositions of Forsythia suspensa leaves tea (FSLT) and its safety, the chemical compounds were analysed with some methods, and the toxicity was evaluated in Kunming mice and Wistar rats. The results showed that FSLT contained rich flavonoid, lignans, triperpene acids, amino acids, and mineral elements. In the acute toxicity study, none of the mice died, and no obvious poisoning symptoms were observed after 14 days in mice at the dose of 15 mg/g·body weight (bw) FSLT; in the sub-chronic toxicity, no abnormal or dead rat was found at the dose of 1, 3, and 10 mg/g·bw during 90 days feeding administration; there was no significant difference in bw and food consumption; no significant differences were found in each hematology and serum biochemistry parameter and organ/body weight ratio comparing with the control experimental group. The results revealed that the FSLT has low or no toxicity via oral administration. Therefore, FSLT is very suitable and safe to be used as a new resource food.
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11
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Wang T, Wang J, Hu X, Huang XJ, Chen GX. Current understanding of glucose transporter 4 expression and functional mechanisms. World J Biol Chem 2020; 11:76-98. [PMID: 33274014 PMCID: PMC7672939 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v11.i3.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is used aerobically and anaerobically to generate energy for cells. Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are transmembrane proteins that transport glucose across the cell membrane. Insulin promotes glucose utilization in part through promoting glucose entry into the skeletal and adipose tissues. This has been thought to be achieved through insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation from intracellular compartments to the cell membrane, which increases the overall rate of glucose flux into a cell. The insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation has been investigated extensively. Recently, significant progress has been made in our understanding of GLUT4 expression and translocation. Here, we summarized the methods and reagents used to determine the expression levels of Slc2a4 mRNA and GLUT4 protein, and GLUT4 translocation in the skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, heart and brain. Overall, a variety of methods such real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, fusion proteins, stable cell line and transgenic animals have been used to answer particular questions related to GLUT4 system and insulin action. It seems that insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation can be observed in the heart and brain in addition to the skeletal muscle and adipocytes. Hormones other than insulin can induce GLUT4 translocation. Clearly, more studies of GLUT4 are warranted in the future to advance of our understanding of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xinge Hu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Xian-Ju Huang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guo-Xun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
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12
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Saadeldeen FS, Niu Y, Wang H, Zhou L, Meng L, Chen S, Sun-Waterhouse D, Waterhouse GIN, Liu Z, Kang W. Natural products: Regulating glucose metabolism and improving insulin resistance. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Comprehensive Screening and Identification of Phillyrin Metabolites in Rats Based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Mass Spectrometry Combined with Multi-Channel Data Mining. Int J Anal Chem 2020; 2020:8274193. [PMID: 32670374 PMCID: PMC7333037 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8274193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phillyrin, a well-known bisepoxylignan, has been shown to have many critical pharmacological activities. In this study, a novel strategy for the extensive acquisition and use of data was established based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive mass spectrometry to analyze and identify the in vivo metabolites of phillyrin and to elucidate the in vivo metabolic pathways of phillyrin. Among them, the generation of data sets was mainly due to multichannel data mining methods, such as high extracted ion chromatogram (HEIC), diagnostic product ion (DPI), and neutral loss filtering (NLF). A total of 60 metabolites (including the prototype compound) were identified in positive and negative ion modes based on intuitive and useful data such as the standard's cleavage rule, accurate molecular mass, and chromatographic retention time. The results showed that a series of biological reactions of phillyrin in vivo mainly included methylation, hydroxylation, hydrogenation, sulfonation, glucuronidation, demethylation, and dehydrogenation and their composite reactions. In summary, this study not only comprehensively explained the in vivo metabolism of phillyrin, but also proposed an effective strategy to quickly analyze and identify the metabolites of natural pharmaceutical ingredients in nature.
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Liu Z, Xu L, Xu X, Niu Y, Saadeldeen F, Kang W. Effects and mechanisms of iridoid glycosides from Patrinia scabiosaefolia on improving insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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