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Coelho MM, Lima R, Almeida AS, Fernandes PA, Remião F, Fernandes C, Tiritan ME. Binding studies of promethazine and its metabolites with human serum albumin by high-performance affinity chromatography and molecular docking in the presence of codeine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4605-4618. [PMID: 38965103 PMCID: PMC11294390 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
"Purple Drank", a soft drink containing promethazine (PMZ) and codeine (COD), has gained global popularity for its hallucinogenic effects. Consuming large amounts of this combination can lead to potentially fatal events. The binding of these drugs to plasma proteins can exacerbate the issue by increasing the risk of drug interactions, side effects, and/or toxicity. Herein, the binding affinity to human serum albumin (HSA) of PMZ and its primary metabolites [N-desmethyl promethazine (DMPMZ) and promethazine sulphoxide (PMZSO)], along with COD, was investigated by high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) though zonal approach. PMZ and its metabolites exhibited a notable binding affinity for HSA (%b values higher than 80%), while COD exhibited a %b value of 65%. To discern the specific sites of HSA to which these compounds were bound, displacement experiments were performed using warfarin and (S)-ibuprofen as probes for sites I and II, respectively, which revealed that all analytes were bound to both sites. Molecular docking studies corroborated the experimental results, reinforcing the insights gained from the empirical data. The in silico data also suggested that competition between PMZ and its metabolites with COD can occur in both sites of HSA, but mainly in site II. As the target compounds are chiral, the enantioselectivity for HSA binding was also explored, showing that the binding for these compounds was not enantioselective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Miguel Coelho
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Lima
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Almeida
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Alexandrino Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química E Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- 1H-TOXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal.
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Aguiar ALR, Silva BND, Fiallos NDM, Pereira LMG, Silva ML, Souza PFSMD, Portela FVM, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Cordeiro RDA. Promethazine inhibits efflux, enhances antifungal susceptibility and disrupts biofilm structure and functioning in Trichosporon. BIOFOULING 2023; 39:218-230. [PMID: 37122169 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2202315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Trichosporon spp. are emerging opportunistic fungi associated with invasive infections, especially in patients with haematological malignancies. The present study investigated the in vitro inhibition of efflux pumps by promethazine (PMZ) as a strategy to control T. asahii and T. inkin. Planktonic cells were evaluated for antifungal susceptibility to PMZ, as well as inhibition of efflux. The effect of PMZ was also studied in Trichosporon biofilms. PMZ inhibited T. asahii and T. inkin planktonic cells at concentrations ranging from 32 to 256 μg ml-1. Subinhibitory concentrations of PMZ inhibited efflux activity in Trichosporon. Biofilms were completely eradicated by PMZ. PMZ potentiated the action of antifungals, affected the morphology, changed the amount of carbohydrates and proteins and reduced the amount of persister cells inside biofilms. The results showed indirect evidences of the occurrence of efflux pumps in Trichosporon and opens a perspective for the use of this target in the control of trichosporonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria Laína Silva
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Wang YL, Yang M, Li RS, Hu YQ, Pan YF, Tao Y. Simultaneous determination of eight analytes of Fuzheng Huayu recipe in beagle dog plasma by UHPLC-Q/Exactive Orbitrap HRMS and its application to toxicokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5329. [PMID: 34997600 PMCID: PMC9287080 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fuzheng Huayu recipe (FZHY) is a Chinese patent medicine for the treatment of liver fibrosis. This study aimed to investigate the toxicokinetics of FZHY in beagle dogs after oral administration. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 15 and 28 after oral gavage of FZHY dosages of 400 or 1,200 mg/kg body weight once a day. A UHPLC–Q‐Orbitrap method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine and quantify eight components of FZHY in beagle dog plasma. The times to peak concentration for eight components were18–120 min. The peak concentrations (Cmax) of amygdalin, genistein, daidzein and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde were 1.43–43.50 ng/ml, the areas under the concentration–time curve (AUC(0–t)) were 2.45–6,098.25 ng min/ml, and the apparent volumes of distribution (Vd) were 0.05–131.23 × 104 ml/kg. The values of Cmax of prunasin, schisantherin A, schisandrin A and schisandrin were 7.35–1,450.73 ng/ml, the values of AUC(0–t) were 3,642.30–330,388.65 ng min/ml, and the values of Vd were 11.15–1,087.18 × 104 ml/kg. No obvious accumulation of the eight compounds was observed in beagle dogs. The results showed that the method is rapid, accurate and sensitive, and is suitable for detecting the eight analytes of FZHY. This study provides an important basis for the assessment of FZHY safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjv Yang
- Grade 2018, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Ye-Qing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yang Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
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