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Shimmi SC, Eldosouky HF, Hossain Parash MT, Wan Saudi WS. Probability of Concurrent Deficiency of Vitamin D and Iron in Hypothyroidism: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e37152. [PMID: 37153231 PMCID: PMC10161284 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothyroidism is the most common pathophysiological condition that affects mostly females in both developed and developing countries. Data on hypothyroidism among adult females are essential to understand the underactive status of the thyroid gland among the female population and its correlated effects on a deficiency of vitamin D and iron, as effective prevention of osteoporotic changes and iron deficiency anemia is possible. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the probability of concurrent iron and vitamin D deficiency among the adult hypothyroid female population of Abu Dhabi, UAE. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2019 to July 2021 among 500 adult females aged 18 to 45 years old in Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City (SSMC) and Sheikh Khalifa Medical City (SKMC), Abu Dhabi, UAE. After obtaining written informed consent, subjects' demographic characteristics (sun exposure, dressing code, food consumption), anthropometry (height, weight, BMI), and biochemical parameters (thyroid profile, vitamin D profile, iron profile, and blood indices) were measured. RESULTS In this study, serum vitamin D and iron levels were significantly (p<0.01) decreased in the hypothyroid female group (study group). The serum vitamin D and iron levels showed a significant negative (p<0.01) correlation with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Out of 250 study group participants, 61 had a concurrent deficiency of serum vitamin D and iron, yielding a probability (P of low vitamin D and iron and hypothyroidism) of 0.244, which indicates that if 1000 hypothyroid patients are tested for serum vitamin D and iron levels, 24 patients are probable to have low vitamin D and iron. CONCLUSION The study concluded that vitamin D and iron bi-deficiency were observed in adult hypothyroid females in Abu Dhabi, UAE. So, the routine check-up of thyroid function and vitamin D and iron profiles should be done early. Therefore, early vitamin D and iron deficiencies can be detected, and supplements can be given to prevent further health complications like osteoporosis and iron deficiency anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Choudhury Shimmi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, MYS
| | - Hossameldin F Eldosouky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, MYS
| | - M Tanveer Hossain Parash
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, MYS
| | - Wan Salman Wan Saudi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, MYS
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Tasnim S, Nyholt DR. Migraine and thyroid dysfunction: Co-occurrence, shared genes and biological mechanisms. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:1815-1827. [PMID: 36807966 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Migraine and thyroid dysfunction, particularly hypothyroidism, are common medical conditions and are known to have high heritability. Thyroid function measures, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4), are also known to be genetically influenced. Although observational epidemiological studies report an increased co-occurrence of migraine and thyroid dysfunction, a clear and combined interpretation of the findings is currently lacking. A narrative review is provided of the epidemiological and genetic association evidence linking migraine, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and thyroid hormones TSH and fT4. METHODS An extensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed database for epidemiological, candidate gene and genome-wide association studies using the terms migraine, headache, thyroid hormones, TSH, fT4, thyroid function, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. RESULTS Epidemiological studies suggest a bidirectional relationship between migraine and thyroid dysfunction. However, the nature of the relationship remains unclear, with some studies suggesting migraine increases the risk for thyroid dysfunction whilst other studies suggest the reverse. Early candidate gene studies have provided nominal evidence for MTHFR and APOE, whilst more recently genome-wide association studies have provided robust evidence for THADA and ITPK1 being associated with both migraine and thyroid dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS These genetic associations improve our understanding of the genetic relationship between migraine and thyroid dysfunction, provide an opportunity to develop biomarkers to identify migraine patients most likely to benefit from thyroid hormone therapy, and indicate that further cross-trait genetic studies have excellent potential to provide biological insight into their relationship and inform clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Tasnim
- Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, and Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, and Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Appunni S, Rubens M, Ramamoorthy V, Saxena A, Tonse R, Veledar E, McGranaghan P. Association between vitamin D deficiency and hypothyroidism: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012. BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:224. [PMID: 34772378 PMCID: PMC8590325 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Many smaller studies have previously shown a significant association between thyroid autoantibody induced hypothyroidism and lower serum vitamin D levels. However, these finding have not been confirmed by large-scale studies. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between hypothyroidism and vitamin D levels using a large population-based data. METHODS For this study, we used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during the years 2007-2012. We categorized participants into three clinically relevant categories based on vitamin D levels: optimal, intermediate and deficient. Participants were also split into hypothyroid and hyperthyroid. Weighted multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to calculate the odds of being hypothyroid based on vitamin D status. RESULTS A total of 7943 participants were included in this study, of which 614 (7.7%) were having hypothyroidism. Nearly 25.6% of hypothyroid patients had vitamin D deficiency, compared to 20.6% among normal controls. Adjusted logistic regression analyses showed that the odds of developing hypothyroidism were significantly higher among patients with intermediate (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.7, 95% CI: 1.5-1.8) and deficient levels of vitamin D (aOR, 1.6, 95% CI: 1.4-1.9). CONCLUSION Low vitamin D levels are associated with autoimmune hypothyroidism. Healthcare initiatives such as mass vitamin D deficiency screening among at-risk population could significantly decrease the risk for hypothyroidism in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Appunni
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Emir Veledar
- Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter McGranaghan
- Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, Florida, USA.
- Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Abed MN, Alassaf FA, Qazzaz ME, Alfahad M, Jasim MHM. Insights into the Perspective Correlation Between Vitamin D and Regulation of Hormones: Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-021-09279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Relationship between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and vitamin D levels in children. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.911212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mele C, Caputo M, Bisceglia A, Samà MT, Zavattaro M, Aimaretti G, Pagano L, Prodam F, Marzullo P. Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D in Thyroid Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051444. [PMID: 32429416 PMCID: PMC7284826 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a secosteroid with a pleiotropic role in multiple physiological processes. Besides the well-known activity on bone homeostasis, recent studies suggested a peculiar role of vitamin D in different non-skeletal pathways, including a key role in the modulation of immune responses. Recent evidences demonstrated that vitamin D acts on innate and adaptative immunity and seems to exert an immunomodulating action on autoimmune diseases and cancers. Several studies demonstrated a relationship between vitamin D deficiency, autoimmune thyroid disorders, and thyroid cancer. This review aims to summarize the evidences on the immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D on thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mele
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.M.); (G.A.)
- Division of General Medicine, S. Giuseppe Hospital, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28824 Verbania, Italy
| | - Marina Caputo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (F.P.)
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital “Maggiore della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.T.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Alessandro Bisceglia
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Maria Teresa Samà
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital “Maggiore della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.T.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marco Zavattaro
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital “Maggiore della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.T.S.); (M.Z.)
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.M.); (G.A.)
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital “Maggiore della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.T.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Loredana Pagano
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Flavia Prodam
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (F.P.)
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital “Maggiore della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.T.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Paolo Marzullo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.M.); (G.A.)
- Division of General Medicine, S. Giuseppe Hospital, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28824 Verbania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-03-2351-4436
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Bellan M, Andreoli L, Mele C, Sainaghi PP, Rigamonti C, Piantoni S, De Benedittis C, Aimaretti G, Pirisi M, Marzullo P. Pathophysiological Role and Therapeutic Implications of Vitamin D in Autoimmunity: Focus on Chronic Autoimmune Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:E789. [PMID: 32192175 PMCID: PMC7146294 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a pleiotropic secosteroid yielding multiple actions in human physiology. Besides the canonical regulatory activity on bone metabolism, several non-classical actions have been described and the ability of vitamin D to partake in the regulation of the immune system is particularly interesting, though far stronger and convincing evidence has been collected in in vitro as compared to in vivo studies. Whether vitamin D is able to regulate at physiological concentrations the human immune system remains unproven to date. Consequently, it is not established if vitamin D status is a factor involved in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases and if cholecalciferol supplementation acts as an adjuvant for autoimmune diseases. The development of autoimmunity is a heterogeneous process, which may involve different organs and systems with a wide range of clinical implications. In the present paper, we reviewed the current evidences regarding vitamin D role in the pathogenesis and management of different autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bellan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.); (P.P.S.); (C.R.); (C.D.B.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- CAAD, Centre for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Laura Andreoli
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, 25128 Brescia, Italy; (L.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Chiara Mele
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.); (P.P.S.); (C.R.); (C.D.B.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.); (P.P.S.); (C.R.); (C.D.B.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- CAAD, Centre for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Cristina Rigamonti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.); (P.P.S.); (C.R.); (C.D.B.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- CAAD, Centre for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Piantoni
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, 25128 Brescia, Italy; (L.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Carla De Benedittis
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.); (P.P.S.); (C.R.); (C.D.B.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- CAAD, Centre for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.); (P.P.S.); (C.R.); (C.D.B.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.); (P.P.S.); (C.R.); (C.D.B.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- CAAD, Centre for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Marzullo
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.); (P.P.S.); (C.R.); (C.D.B.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
- Division of General Medicine, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28921 Verbania, Italy
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