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Zhu Y, Ma R, Cheng W, Qin M, Guo W, Qi Y, Dai J. Sijunzi decoction ameliorates gastric precancerous lesions via regulating oxidative phosphorylation based on proteomics and metabolomics. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116925. [PMID: 37467821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sijunzi decoction (SJZD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, is commonly used in clinical practice for the treatment of gastric precancerous lesions (GPL). However, the mechanism of gastric protection is not fully understood. AIMS OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the efficacy of SJZD in blocking the development of GPL and to reveal the underlying mechanism. METHODS First, we established a rat model of GPL, which was induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) combined with an irregular diet and 40% ethanol. The efficacy of SJZD was evaluated based on pathological sections and serum biochemical indices. Then, the pharmacodynamic mechanism of SJZD was revealed by quantitative proteomics based on stable isotope dimethyl labeling. At the same time, the pharmacodynamic mechanism was verified by quantitative metabolomics. In addition, the anti-gastritis effect of SJZD was confirmed by a serum pharmacology method in a cell model, and the functional mechanism was further verified. RESULTS We demonstrated that SJZD could block the development of GPL in the animal model. Proteomics and metabolomics revealed that SJZD blocks GPL development by regulating oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). In addition, the serum pharmacology results showed that SJZD-containing serum (SJZD-CS) could inhibit apoptosis in MNNG-induced GES-1 cells. OXPHOS inhibitors could significantly reduce the protective effect of SJZD-CS. CONCLUSION SJZD effectively ameliorates GPL, and proteomics and metabolomics revealed that its protective effects are closely related to OXPHOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Ruyun Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Mengyao Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Weiheng Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Qi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianye Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China.
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The role of metabolic reprogramming in cancer metastasis and potential mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine intervention. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Lei C, Gong D, Zhuang B, Zhang Z. Alterations in the gastric microbiota and metabolites in gastric cancer: An update review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:960281. [PMID: 36081564 PMCID: PMC9445122 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.960281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Numerous studies have shown that the gastric microbiota can contribute to the occurrence and development of GC by generating harmful microbial metabolites, suggesting the possibility of discovering biomarkers. Metabolomics has emerged as an advanced promising analytical method for the analysis of microbiota-derived metabolites, which have greatly accelerated our understanding of host-microbiota metabolic interactions in GC. In this review, we briefly compiled recent research progress on the changes of gastric microbiota and its metabolites associated with GC. And we further explored the application of metabolomics and gastric microbiome association analysis in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GC.
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Guo W, Cao P, Wang X, Hu M, Feng Y. Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers From the Metabolomics Perspective. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:909755. [PMID: 35833022 PMCID: PMC9271783 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.909755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer (GIC), primarily including colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and esophageal cancer, is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths with increasing prevalence and poor prognosis. Medicinal plants have been shown to be a great resource for the treatment of GIC. Due to their complex manifestations of multi-component and multi-target, the underlying mechanisms how they function against GIC remain to be completely deciphered. Cell metabolism is of primary importance in the initialization and development of GIC, which is reported to be a potential target. As an essential supplement to the newest “omics” sciences, metabolomics focuses on the systematic study of the small exogenous and endogenous metabolites involved in extensive biochemical metabolic pathways of living system. In good agreement with the systemic perspective of medicinal plants, metabolomics offers a new insight into the efficacy assessment and action mechanism investigation of medicinal plants as adjuvant therapeutics for GIC therapy. In this review, the metabolomics investigations on metabolism-targeting therapies for GIC in the recent 10 years were systematically reviewed from five aspects of carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid, and nucleotide metabolisms, as well as other altered metabolisms (microbial metabolism, inflammation, and oxidation), with particular attention to the potential of active compounds, extracts, and formulae from medicinal plants. Meanwhile, the current perspectives and future challenges of metabolism-targeting therapies of medicinal plants for GIC were also discussed. In conclusion, the understanding of the action mechanisms of medicinal plants in GIC from the metabolomics perspective will contribute to the clinical application of potential candidates from the resourceful medicinal plants as novel and efficient adjuvant therapeutics for GIC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Min Hu, ; Yibin Feng,
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- *Correspondence: Min Hu, ; Yibin Feng,
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Liu Z, Jiao Y, Yu T, Zhang Y, Liu D, Wang H, Xu Y, Guan Q, Lv T, Shu J. Effect of pediatric tuina on hypothalamic metabolites in young rabbits using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Dai R, Liu M, Xiang X, Li Y, Xi Z, Xu H. OMICS Applications for Medicinal Plants in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Current Advancements and Future Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:842203. [PMID: 35185591 PMCID: PMC8855055 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.842203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers refer to a group of deadly malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract and organs of the digestive system. Over the past decades, considerable amounts of medicinal plants have exhibited potent anticancer effects on different types of gastrointestinal cancers. OMICS, systems biology approaches covering genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, are broadly applied to comprehensively reflect the molecular profiles in mechanistic studies of medicinal plants. Single- and multi-OMICS approaches facilitate the unravelling of signalling interaction networks and key molecular targets of medicinal plants with anti-gastrointestinal cancer potential. Hence, this review summarizes the applications of various OMICS and advanced bioinformatics approaches in examining therapeutic targets, signalling pathways, and the tumour microenvironment in response to anticancer medicinal plants. Advances and prospects in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengfan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xincheng Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhichao Xi, ; Hongxi Xu,
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhichao Xi, ; Hongxi Xu,
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Zhu YZ, Liao XW, Yin W, Wei HM. Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulatory Subunit 3: A Prognostic Biomarker in Stomach Adenocarcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:1131-1146. [PMID: 35153505 PMCID: PMC8824296 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s345978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to determine the potential application of the protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3 (PPP1R3B) gene as a prognostic marker in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), as well as its potential mediating biological processes and pathways. Materials and Methods Differential expression analyses were performed using the TIMER2.0 and UALCAN databases. Complete RNA-seq data and other relevant clinical and survival data were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Univariate survival analyses, Cox regression modelling, and Kaplan–Meier curves were implemented to investigate the associations between PPP1R3B gene expression and clinical pathologic features. A genome wide gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to define the underlying molecular mechanisms mediating the observed associations between the PPP1R3B gene and STAD development. Results We found that PPP1R3B was overexpressed in STAD tissues, and that higher PPP1R3B expression correlated with worse prognoses in patients with STAD. Comprehensive survival analyses suggested that PPP1R3B might be an independent predictive factor for survival time in patients with STAD. The prognostic relationship between PPP1R3B and STAD was also verified using Kaplan–Meier curves. Patients with higher PPP1R3B levels had a shorter clinical survival time on average. Additionally, a GSEA demonstrated that PPP1R3B might be involved in multiple biological processes and pathways. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that the PPP1R3B gene has utility as a potential molecular marker for STAD prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Zhen Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi-Wen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wu Yin
- Department of Pathology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ming Wei
- Department of Pathology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hai-Ming Wei, Department of Pathology, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Wang S, Fu JL, Hao HF, Jiao YN, Li PP, Han SY. Metabolic reprogramming by traditional Chinese medicine and its role in effective cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105728. [PMID: 34119622 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming, characterized by alterations of cellular metabolic patterns, is fundamentally important in supporting the malignant behaviors of cancer cells. It is considered as a promising therapeutic target against cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its bioactive components have been used in cancer therapy for an extended period, and they are well-known for their multi-target pharmacological functions and fewer side effects. However, the detailed and advanced mechanisms underlying the anticancer activities of TCM remain obscure. In this review, we summarized the critical processes of cancer cell metabolic reprogramming, including glycolysis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Moreover, we systemically reviewed the regulatory effects of TCM and its bioactive ingredients on metabolic enzymes and/or signal pathways that may impede cancer progress. A total of 46 kinds of TCMs was reported to exert antitumor effects and/or act as chemosensitizers via regulating metabolic processes of cancer cells, and multiple targets and signaling pathways were revealed to contribute to the metabolic-modulating functions of TCM. In conclusion, TCM has its advantages in ameliorating cancer cell metabolic reprogramming by its poly-pharmacological actions. This review may shed some new light on the explicit recognition of the mechanisms of anticancer actions of TCM, leading to the development of natural antitumor drugs based on reshaping cancer cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China
| | - Jia-Lei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China
| | - Hui-Feng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China
| | - Yan-Na Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China
| | - Ping-Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China.
| | - Shu-Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China.
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Chen R, Wang Q, Li Z, Wang D, Yang S, Feng Y. Studies on effect of Tongfengxiaofang in HUM model mice using a UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS metabolomic approach. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5118. [PMID: 33749891 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUM) is a major risk factor for the development of gout. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) complex prescription Tongfengxiaofang (TFXF) is composed of a variety of TCMs. To study the therapeutic effect of TFXF on HUM mice and the mechanisms by which it exerts a therapeutic effect, the biochemical indices were measured and qPCR technique was used. In addition, plasma metabolomics analysis was carried out based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS to evaluate the characteristics of the metabolic spectrum changes. TFXF significantly downregulated the contents of uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine in serum and the concentration of xanthine oxidase in liver of HUM mice. In addition, TFXF significantly inhibited the overexpression of uric acid transporter 1 and glucose transporter 9 and upregulated the expression of organic anion transporter 1 in the kidney. A total of 152 metabolites were identified and 11 key biomarkers were further selected from these pathways to understand the mechanism of TFXF on the arginine biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and the citrate cycle (TCA cycle). The results of this confirmed the effect of TFXF on HUM and revealed the metabolic activity mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhifeng Li
- Jiangxi University of TCM, Nanchang, China.,Nanchang Key Laboratory of Active Ingredients of TCM and Natural medicine, Nanchang, China
| | | | - Shilin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Nanchang, China
| | - Yulin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Nanchang, China
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Metabolomic Study on the Therapeutic Effect of the Jianpi Yangzheng Xiaozheng Decoction on Gastric Cancer Treated with Chemotherapy Based on GC-TOFMS Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8832996. [PMID: 33790982 PMCID: PMC7994103 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8832996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to find new biomarkers of prognosis and metabolomic therapy for gastric carcinoma (GC) treated with chemotherapy and investigate the metabolic mechanism of the Jianpi Yangzheng Xiaozheng (JPYZXZ) decoction in the treatment of GC. Methods First, 36 patients with GC were randomly assigned to the treatment (chemotherapy plus JPYZXZ) and control (chemotherapy alone) groups. The clinical efficacy, side effects, and quality of life of patients in the two groups were evaluated after treatment. Then, the serum samples taken from 16 randomly selected patients (eight treatment cases and eight control cases with no evident pattern characters) and eight healthy volunteers were tested to identify the differential metabolite under the gas chromatography-time-of-fight mass spectrometry platform. The relevant metabolic pathways of differential substances were analyzed using multidimensional statistical analysis. Results JPYZXZ combined with chemotherapy resulted in a lower risk of leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and gastrointestinal reaction (P < 0.05). Additionally, patients in the treatment group showed a higher Karnofsky (KPS) scale (P < 0.05). Compared with healthy persons, patients with GC were found to have 26 significant differential metabolites after chemotherapy; these metabolites are mainly involved in 12 metabolic pathways, such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis. JPYZXZ primarily influences the pentose phosphate pathway; glutathione metabolism; glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism; and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism of patients with GC treated with chemotherapy. Conclusions The metabolic characteristics of patients with GC after chemotherapy are mainly various amino acid metabolic defects, especially L-glutamine, L-leucine, L-alloisoleucine, and L-valine. These defects lead to a series of problems, such as decreased tolerance and effectiveness of chemotherapy, increased side effects, decreased immunity, and shortened survival time. In addition, the remarkable upregulation of the gluconolactone level in patients with GC suggests the high proliferative activity of GC cells. Thus, gluconolactone may be used as a potential prognostic and diagnostic evaluation index. Moreover, JPYZXZ can reduce the incidence of ADRs and improve the life quality of patients by the correction of L-glutamine, L-leucine, L-alloisoleucine, and L-valine metabolism deficiency. In addition, gluconolactone metabolism is inhibited by JPYZXZ. Such inhibition may be one of the antitumor mechanisms of JPYZXZ.
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Yuyun X, Fan Y, Weiping W, Qing Y, Bingwei S. Metabolomic analysis of spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis reveals the potential involvement of glutathione depletion. Innate Immun 2020; 27:31-40. [PMID: 32910715 PMCID: PMC7780355 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920951985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils plays a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis and resolving inflammation. However, the mechanism triggering this apoptosis remains obscure. In the present study, we performed a global metabolomics analysis of neutrophils undergoing spontaneous apoptosis by using hydrophilic interaction chromatography ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and found 23 metabolites and 42 related pathways that were altered in these cells. Among them, glutathione, which is known to be involved in apoptosis, was particularly interesting. We found that L-pyroglutamic acid, glutamate, and their glutathione-mediated embolic pathways were all changed. Our findings confirmed the glutathione levels decreased in apoptotic neutrophils. Exogenous glutathione and LPS treatment delayed neutrophil apoptosis and decreased the levels of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3. γ-glutamylcyclotransferase, 5-oxoprolinase, and ChaC1, which participated in glutathione degradation, were all activated. At the same time, the down-regulation of ATP production suggested the activity of glutathione biosynthesis may be attenuated even if glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthase, which are two ATP-dependent enzymes participating in glutathione biosynthesis, were enhanced. To our knowledge, this is the first report highlighting a global metabolomics analysis using hydrophilic interaction chromatography ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the potential involvement of glutathione depletion in spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils demonstrating that LPS could delay this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Yuyun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Weiping
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Qing
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Republic of China
| | - Sun Bingwei
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, People's Republic of China
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