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Ngwa AF, Tanyi Bobga P, Nsongmayi ED, Yememe Yememe GS, Ngong Nyeme J, Isah M, Ashu EC, Ebai CB. Prevalence and Predictors Associated to Schistosoma mansoni Infection among Patients Attending the Saint Jean de Malte Hospital, Njombe, Littoral Region, Cameroon. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023:8674934. [PMID: 37901676 PMCID: PMC10613114 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8674934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. It has been associated to morbidity and mortality in developing countries including Cameroon, and Njombe-Penja health district is an endemic area. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of Schistosoma mansoni infection among patients attending the Saint Jean de Malte Hospital, Njombe. Methods A cross-sectional study design was employed, with the enrolment of 300 participants using convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Stool specimens were collected and examined using direct microscopy, Kato-Katz's method, and formol ether concentration technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and chi-square test was used to assess the association. Risk factors for S. mansoni infection were assessed using multivariable logistic regression, and a p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results The overall prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection was 13%. Schistosoma mansoni infection was mostly frequent among patients < 20 years and males. Stream usage (AOR = 2.15, 95% CI. 1.32-3.50), always visiting the stream (AOR = 11.35, 95% CI 2.33-55.33), always swimming and washing clothes in the stream (AOR = 7 : 10, 95% CI 2.31-21.80), age group < 20 years (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI 1.1-12.2), and age group 20-29 years (AOR = 2.58, 95% CI 1.14-18.42) were significantly associated with increased risk of S. mansoni infection. Conclusion These findings suggest that Schistosoma mansoni infection is of public health concern in Njombe and its environs. Age of <20 years and between 20 and 29 years, stream usage, always visiting the stream, and always swimming and washing clothes in the stream were the main risk factors of S. mansoni infection. Thus, mass drug administration and health education are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambe Fabrice Ngwa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon
- International School for Nurses and Technico-Sanitary Personnels, Douala, Cameroon
- School of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, Fomic Polytechnic University, PO Box 123, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Pride Tanyi Bobga
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon
| | - Ekwi Damian Nsongmayi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Cameroon
- School of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, Fomic Polytechnic University, PO Box 123, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Judith Ngong Nyeme
- International School for Nurses and Technico-Sanitary Personnels, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Mohamed Isah
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Ebai Christabel Ashu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Douala, Cameroon
| | - Calvin Bisong Ebai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, Cameroon
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Tembo R, Muleya W, Yabe J, Kainga H, Nalubamba KS, Zulu M, Mwaba F, Saad SA, Kamwela M, Mukubesa AN, Monde N, Kallu SA, Mbewe N, Phiri AM. Prevalence and Molecular Identification of Schistosoma haematobium among Children in Lusaka and Siavonga Districts, Zambia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7090239. [PMID: 36136650 PMCID: PMC9505432 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7090239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a public health concern in Zambia. Urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium is the most widely distributed infection. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis and identify the strain of S. haematobium among children in the Siavonga and Lusaka districts in Zambia. Urine samples were collected from 421 primary school children and S. haematobium eggs were examined under light microscopy. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on the socio-demographic characteristics and the potential risk factors for urinary schistosomiasis. DNA of the parasite eggs was extracted from urine samples and the internal transcribed spacer gene was amplified, sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. The overall prevalence of S. haematobium was 9.7% (41/421) (95% CI: 7.16–13.08), male participants made up 6.2% (26/232) (95% CI: 4.15–9.03), having a higher burden of disease than female participants who made up 3.5% (15/421) (95% CI: 2.01–5.94). The age group of 11–15 years had the highest overall prevalence of 8.3% (35/421) (5.94–11.48). Participants that did not go fishing were 0.008 times less likely to be positive for schistosomiasis while participants whose urine was blood-tinged or cloudy on physical examination and those that lived close to water bodies were 9.98 and 11.66 times more likely to test positive for schistosomiasis, respectively. A phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that S. haematobium isolates were closely related to pure S. haematobium from Zimbabwe and hybrids of S. haematobium × S. bovis from Benin, Senegal and Malawi. The current study shows that urinary schistosomiasis is endemic in the study areas and is associated with water contact, and S. haematobium isolated is closely related to hybrids of S. bovis × S. haematobium strain, indicating the zoonotic potential of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabecca Tembo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 26-097-8363-271
| | - Walter Muleya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| | - John Yabe
- Department of Para Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, P.O. Box 13301, Windhoek 1005, Namibia
| | - Henson Kainga
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe 207203, Malawi or
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| | - King S. Nalubamba
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| | - Mildred Zulu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia
| | - Florence Mwaba
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia
| | - Shereen Ahmed Saad
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia
- Department of Para Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Science, University of Bahr El Ghazal, Wau P.O. Box 10739, South Sudan
| | - Moses Kamwela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka P.O. Box 31909, Zambia
| | - Andrew N. Mukubesa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| | - Ngula Monde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola P.O. Box 71769, Zambia
| | - Simegnew Adugna Kallu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa P.O. Box 138, Ethiopia
| | - Natalia Mbewe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Department of Basic and Clinical Nursing Sciences, School of Nursing Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia
| | - Andrew M. Phiri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia
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Abd Elraheem BA, Bayoumy AS, El-Faramawy MS, Aly NEM, El-Badry AA. Schistosoma haematobium DNA and eggs in urine of patients from Sohag, Egypt. THE JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED ZOOLOGY 2021; 82:51. [DOI: 10.1186/s41936-021-00248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Diagnosis of schistosomiasis depends mainly on stool or urine microscopy for Schistosoma egg detection as well as immunoassays. The low sensitivity of these conventional tests makes molecular detection the diagnostic method of choice. The study aimed to detect the molecular prevalence of urine schistosomiasis and evaluate microscopic examination vs. PCR technique for detection of Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) in urine of patients with suggestive symptoms or previous history of urine schistosomiasis coming from endemic regions.
Results
This cross-sectional study was performed on eighty patients attending the urology clinic of Sohag University Teaching Hospital from August 2016 to July 2018. Socio-demographic data and clinical data were collected. Urine samples from all study individuals were collected and examined microscopically for S. haematobium eggs as well as detection of S. haematobium DNA of using PCR assay. Microscopic examination and PCR were positive among (68.8%) and (87.5%) of cases, respectively. There was 60% agreement between microscopy and molecular assay. Microscopy was a good test to rule in cases of urine schistosomiasis, with 100% specificity and 100% PPV, but was of limited sensitivity (NPV = 40%) and missed 12.5% of positive cases. Among studied patient variables, only hematuria showed association with urine schistosomiasis with statistical significance.
Conclusion
Urine schistosomiasis was highly prevalent in studied population. Considering the high sensitivity and specificity of PCR, it should be implemented as the test of choice, especially in chronic urinary schistosomiasis with low infection setting. In our study population, patients presenting hematuria were likely to have S. haematobium.
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Green AE, Anchang-Kimbi JK, Wepnje GB, Ndassi VD, Kimbi HK. Distribution and factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis in the Tiko Health District, a semi-urban setting, South West Region, Cameroon. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:49. [PMID: 33845904 PMCID: PMC8042887 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased risk of schistosomiasis in peri-urban and urban towns is not uncommon. An epidemiological survey was carried out in the Tiko Health District (THD), an unmapped transmission focus for urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS), to assess the distribution, intensity, and risk factors associated with the occurrence of UGS. Methods In this cross-sectional survey, 12 communities were purposively selected from four health areas (HAs) (Likomba, Holforth, Holforth-Likomba, and Mutengene) in South West Region of Cameroon between June and August 2018. Consenting individuals were enrolled using a convenient sampling technique and administered a semi-structured questionnaire to document information on socio-demographic and water contact behaviour. Urine samples were examined for Schistosomahaematobium infection using test strip, filtration, and microscopy methods. Bivariate and binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of infection. Results The overall prevalence of UGS in Likomba, Holforth-Likomba and Holforth was 31.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 28.3–34.8] with geometric mean (GM) egg count of 28.7 (range: 2–450) eggs per 10 ml of urine. S.haematobium infection was not found in Mutengene HA. Infection was unevenly distributed among the HAs, Holforth-Likomba and Holforth being the most and least affected, respectively. The prevalence of infection varied (P < 0.001) among the affected communities, ranging from 12.0 to 56.9%. Infection status of the community related positively (P < 0.001) with proximity to stream (< 100 m), the degree of contact with water and number of improved water sources. Younger age group (5–14 years) [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.7, 95% CI: 1.1–12.2] and intense water contact (degree II) (aOR: 5.2, 95% CI: 3.4–8.1) were associated with increased risk of infection. Similarly, significantly higher egg load was observed among younger aged groups (P = 0.02) and those who carried out intense water contact activities (P < 0.001). Conclusions Generally, THD is a moderate risk endemic focus for UGS but prevalence higher than 50.0% was observed in some communities. These findings warrant immediate mass chemotherapy with praziquantel to reduce morbidity. Provision of portable water and health education are proposed measures to reduce and eventually eliminate transmission in the area. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-021-00827-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Enjema Green
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Judith Kuoh Anchang-Kimbi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Godlove Bunda Wepnje
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Vicky Daonyle Ndassi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Helen Kuokuo Kimbi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
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Ndassi VD, Anchang-Kimbi JK, Sumbele IUN, Ngufor LA, Nadege K, Kimbi HK. The epidemiological status of urogenital schistosomiasis among reproductive aged individuals in the Tiko Health Area- a semi-urban setting in the Mount Cameroon area. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008978. [PMID: 33428614 PMCID: PMC7822554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) caused by S. haematobium has enormous reproductive health consequences including infertility. Reproductive aged individuals are a neglected group and not included in control programs in Cameroon. This study investigated the prevalence and severity of S. haematobium infection in the context of gender and socio-economic structures that shape behaviour among reproductive aged individuals living in Tiko, a semi-urban setting, Cameroon. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Tiko Health District (THD) between May to September 2019. Consenting individuals were enrolled using a convenient sampling technique and administered a semi-structured questionnaire to document data on socio-demographic and stream contact behaviour. A urine sample was collected and screened for the presence of S. haematobium ova using reagent strips, filtration and microscopy. The overall prevalence of S. haematobium infection was 22.8% (95% CL: 19.27-26.73) with geometric mean egg load of 18.74 (range: 1-1600) per 10ml of urine. Younger age group (15 - 20years) (OR: 5.13; 95% CL: 1.35-19.42), male (OR: 2.60 3.07; 95% CL: 1.54-4.40) and awareness of UGS (OR: 1.73; 95% CL: 1.02-2.95) were associated with higher odds of exposure to infection. Significantly higher intensity of infection was seen in males, singles and in the age group 15-30 years. It is worth noting that males carried out more activities which entailed longer duration in streams. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The prevalence obtained shows that Tiko is a moderate-risk area for UGS with underlying morbidity-inducing infection intensity. The severity of the infection is more in males. Awareness of the disease is not enough to protect these communities from infection, but provision of public infrastructures and health education will limit contact with infested water and thus curtail the infection. There is an urgent need to involve all age groups in control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Daonyle Ndassi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Irene Ule Ngole Sumbele
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Lennin Azaofah Ngufor
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Kouemou Nadege
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Helen Kuokuo Kimbi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
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