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Zhang C, Li Y, Wang W, Jiang Z, Liu C, Kong Y, Li D, Ran L, Kuang L. Gender Differences of Antioxidant System and Thyroid Function in Depressed Adolescents with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:1309-1319. [PMID: 38933097 PMCID: PMC11199165 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s452643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of our study was to explore the relation between serum levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants, thyroid function with the risk of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in depressed adolescents. Patients and Methods We retrospected the electronic records of 454 hospitalized patients aged 13-17 years old with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (239 patients with NSSI and 215 subjects without NSSI), and collected their demographic and clinical information, including serum levels of total bilirubin (Tbil), uric acid (UA), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Results The incidence of NSSI was 52.6% among depressed adolescents aged 13-17, 57.1% in female and 38.5% in male. After using the propensity scoring method to exclude the influence of age between the two groups, it was found that patients with NSSI showed lower levels of Tbil (P=0.046) and UA (P=0.015) compared with those without NSSI. Logistic regression results showed that serum UA was associated with NSSI behavior in female patients (OR=0.995, 95% CI: 0.991-0.999, P=0.014), and TSH was associated with NSSI in male participants (OR=0.499, 95% CI: 0.267-0.932, P=0.029). Conclusion Female and male may have different pathological mechanisms of NSSI. NSSI is more likely to be related to antioxidant reaction in female adolescent patients, while more likely to be related to thyroid function in male depressed adolescent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhang
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yalan Li
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wo Wang
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghao Jiang
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiting Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daqi Li
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuyi Ran
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Kuang
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
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Lee JY, Park SY, Sohn SY. Increased risk of incident gout in patients with hyperthyroidism: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Rheumatol Int 2024; 44:451-458. [PMID: 37594494 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-023-05423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that thyroid dysfunction is associated with increased serum uric acid levels; however, the relationship between hyperthyroidism and incidence of clinical manifestations of gout has not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to longitudinally investigate the risk of gout in patients with hyperthyroidism. This nationwide retrospective cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Claims Database. We included 76,494 patients with hyperthyroidism and 76,542 age- and sex-matched controls. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to adjust for potential confounders and estimate the risk of incident gout in patients with hyperthyroidism. During a mean follow-up of 9 years, incident gout developed in 3,655 (4.8%) patients with hyperthyroidism and 3251 (4.2%) controls. Hyperthyroidism was significantly associated with increased risk of incident gout [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.18], independent of baseline metabolic profiles. The median time from the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism to the development of gout was 6 years. When stratified by age and sex, the risk of gout was still significant in the < 50-year age group (HR: 1.2, 95% CI 1.12-1.29) and males (HR: 1.21, 95% CI 1.12-1.30), but not in the older age group (> 50 years) and females. Hyperthyroidism is an important risk factor for incident gout, particularly in younger age groups (< 50 years) and males. Our results highlight the importance of continuous screening for gout in patients with hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, South Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Seo Young Sohn
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, South Korea.
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Song S, Jia C, Li C, Ma Y. The causal association between thyroid disease and gout: A Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35817. [PMID: 37932979 PMCID: PMC10627627 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have reported some associations between thyroid disease and gout, but the causal relationship between the 2 is not clear. We used Mendelian randomization (MR) Analysis to investigate the causal association between some thyroid diseases (autoimmune hypothyroidism, autoimmune hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer) and gout. GWAS data were used for analysis. The exposure factors were autoimmune hypothyroidism, autoimmune hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer, and the outcome variables were gout. IVW, MR-Egger, Weighted median and Weighted mode were used for MR analysis. Cochran Q test MR-PRESSO and MR-Egger intercept analysis were used to detect heterogeneity and multi directivity. Autoimmune hypothyroidism has a causal effect on gout, IVW results show (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.03-1.21, PFDR = 0.0336); Autoimmune hyperthyroidism has a causal effect on gout, IVW results show (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01-1.12, PFDR = 0.0314); Thyroid cancer has no causal effect on gout, IVW results show (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.98-1.09, PFDR = 0.297); Thyroid nodules has no causal effect on gout, IVW results show (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.98-1.08, PFDR = 0.225); Reverse MR Studies show that gout have no causal effect on the above thyroid diseases. Autoimmune hypothyroidism and autoimmune hyperthyroidism increase the risk of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Treatment Center, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Congcong Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong First Medical University Affiliated Occupational Disease Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - ChunJing Li
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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4
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Wang Q, Lu X, Xu L, Liang H. Gender variations in the impact of hyperuricemia on thyroid disorders. Endocr Res 2023; 48:77-84. [PMID: 37382510 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2023.2231092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the impact of hyperuricemia on various thyroid disorders with emphasized focus on differences resulting from different genders. 16094 adults aged ≥18 years were enrolled in this cross-sectional study using a randomized stratified sampling strategy. Clinical data including thyroid function and antibodies, uric acid, and anthropometric measurements were measured. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between hyperuricemia and thyroid disorders. Women who have hyperuricemia are at a significantly increased risk of developing hyperthyroidism. Women's risk of overt hyperthyroidism and Graves' disease may be markedly increased by hyperuricemia. Men with hyperuricemia did not differ significantly in their chance of acquiring any thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Medical Education Administrate Office, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xixuan Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Radiology, The 942th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Yinchuan, China
| | - Haiyan Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Guo LC, Lv Z, Zhu T, He G, Hu J, Xiao J, Liu T, Yu S, Zhang J, Zhang H, Ma W. Associations between serum polychlorinated biphenyls, halogen flame retardants, and renal function indexes in residents of an e-waste recycling area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159746. [PMID: 36306844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
E-waste handling activities release large quantities of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and halogen flame retardants (HFRs) into the surrounding area, creating a high exposure risk for local residents. However, the possibility of PCBs and HFRs exposure contributing to renal injury has not been extensively studied. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted an epidemiological analysis of adolescents and adults recruited from an e-waste recycling area and a control area. Some PCBs and HFRs compounds were statistically significantly associated with the levels of β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), and uric acid, with thyroid hormone-related genes found to partly mediate these associations. The interactions of PCBs and HFRs with metals also influenced renal function indexes. Exposure to high concentrations of PCBs and HFRs resulted in higher levels of β2-MG and lower levels of BUN and SCr in the exposed group. As indicated by the elevated β2-MG levels, high exposure to PCBs and HFRs may increase the risk of early renal injury for adolescents. These findings help to clarify the impacts of PCBs and HFRs on renal function and highlight the need to protect the health of residents in regions impacted by e-waste handling activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhanlu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection and Control in Water Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Low Energy Sewage Treatment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Guanhao He
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianxiong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shengbing Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jinliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Lu Y, Wang J, An Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Wang G, Leng S. Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones is associated with hyperuricemia in a Chinese euthyroid population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1132543. [PMID: 37152966 PMCID: PMC10154591 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1132543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones has been reported as a common metabolic disorder, and it remains poorly understood whether it interplays with uric acid (UA) metabolism as an established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We aimed to investigate the relationship between thyroid hormone sensitivity and elevated UA in a Chinese euthyroid population. Methods A total of 15,955 euthyroid subjects were included in this study. Thyroid hormone sensitivity indices were calculated, including the thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI), the Chinese-referenced parametric TFQI (PTFQI), the TSH index (TSHI), and the thyrotropin thyroxine resistance index (TT4RI), and the FT3/FT4 ratio. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to detect the association between thyroid hormone sensitivity and elevated UA. Results Subjects with reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormones had increased UA levels in both genders (p for trend < 0.001). Logistic and linear regression analyses showed that higher TFQI, PTFQI, TSHI, and TT4RI were positively associated with elevated UA levels, but negatively associated with the FT3/FT4 ratio. The odds ratio (OR) of the highest versus the first quartile of TFQI was 1.20 (1.05, 1.38) in men and 1.80 (1.46, 2.23) in women (p < 0.001). PTHQI, TSHI, and TT4RI obtained similar results in both genders. Conversely, the highest quartile of the FT3/FT4 ratio was negatively correlated with elevated UA levels [men: OR 0.78 (0.68,0.89), women: OR 0.66 (0.53,0.81)]. Conclusion Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones was associated with elevated UA levels in euthyroid subjects. Our findings shed light on the role of thyroid hormone sensitivity in UA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingning Lu
- Health Management Center, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu An
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Leng
- Health Management Center, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Song Leng,
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7
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Huang Y, Li Z, Yang K, Zhang L, Wei C, Yang P, Xu W. The association of uric acid with the development of thyroid nodules: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:197. [PMID: 35941598 PMCID: PMC9358884 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uric acid was found to have a positive correlation with thyroid nodules in the cross-sectional studies recently. We aimed to conduct a retrospective cohort study to investigate whether uric acid is a risk factor for the development of thyroid nodules. METHODS We reviewed the data of individuals who attended the medical check-ups in our hospital from 2010 to 2019. A total of 6587 adults without thyroid nodules at baseline were enrolled in this study. Logistic regression with or without restricted cubic spline function was used to investigate the non-linear or linear association between uric acid and thyroid nodules, respectively. RESULTS Baseline characteristics showed that subjects mainly consisted of the healthy, young population. After fully adjusting for the potential confounders, such as age, sex, metabolic and inflammatory indicators, hepatic and renal function, a logistic restricted cubic spline regression model suggested that uric acid had a significant association (P = 0.028) with the development of thyroid nodules, but the association was not non-linear (P = 0.516). The results indicate that the association between them is linear, which was demonstrated by a logistic regression model, in which the odds ratio of uric acid per 100 mmol/L was 1.137 (P = 0.004). Age, sex, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, and blood monocyte were found to be risk factors for thyroid nodules as well. CONCLUSION Uric acid is an independent risk factor for the formation of thyroid nodules. This finding warrants attention to this risk factor in apparently healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshi Huang
- Health Care Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57, Changping Road, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Zexin Li
- Health Care Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57, Changping Road, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Kaiji Yang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57, Changping Road, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Health Care Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57, Changping Road, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Chiju Wei
- Multidisciplinary Research Center, Shantou University, No. 243, Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Peixuan Yang
- Health Care Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57, Changping Road, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Wencan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57, Changping Road, Shantou, 515041 China
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Chen X, Wu M, Liang N, Lu J, Qu S, Chen H. Thyroid Hormone-Regulated Expression of Period2 Promotes Liver Urate Production. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636802. [PMID: 33869182 PMCID: PMC8047155 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between thyroid hormones and serum urate is unclear. Our aim is to analyze the correlation between uric acid and thyroid hormones in gout patients and to explore the effect and mechanism of triiodothyronine on liver uric acid production. Eighty men patients with gout were selected to analyze the correlation between blood urate and thyroid function-related hormone levels. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to analyze factors affecting blood urate in patients with gout. Levels of urate in serum, liver, and cell culture supernatant were measured after triiodothyronine treatment. Purine levels (adenine, guanine, and hypoxanthine) were also measured. Expression levels of Period2 and nucleotide metabolism enzymes were analyzed after triiodothyronine treatment and Period2-shRNA lentivirus transduction. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to analyze the effects of triiodothyronine and thyroid hormone receptor-β on Period2 expression. The results showed that in patients FT3 influenced the serum urate level. Furthermore, urate level increased in mouse liver and cell culture supernatant following treatment with triiodothyronine. Purine levels in mouse liver increased, accompanied by upregulation of enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism. These phenomena were reversed in Period2 knockout mice. Triiodothyronine promoted the binding of thyroid hormone receptor-β to the Period2 promoter and subsequent transcription of Period2. Triiodothyronine also enhanced nuclear expression of Sirt1, which synergistically enhanced Period2 expression. The study demonstrated that triiodothyronine is independently positively correlated with serum urate and liver uric acid production through Period2, providing novel insights into the purine metabolism underlying hyperuricemia/gout pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Mian Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junxi Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Kalra S, Aggarwal S, Khandelwal D. Thyroid Dysfunction and Dysmetabolic Syndrome: The Need for Enhanced Thyrovigilance Strategies. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:9641846. [PMID: 33859689 PMCID: PMC8024090 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9641846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction (TD) is common in metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, kidney and liver dysfunctions, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Subclinical hypothyroidism (SHypo) worsens glycemic control in patients with DM, and these patients, especially those with Type-1DM, have higher prevalence of TD. Both TD and DM increase CVD risk. Even minor alteration in thyroid hormone (TH) levels can alter cardiovascular function. While hyperthyroidism increases systolic blood pressure and leads to high-output heart failure, hypothyroidism increases diastolic blood pressure and leads to low-output heart failure. Chronic subclinical hyperthyroidism (SHyper) and SHypo both increase the risk of hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD) events, CAD deaths, and total deaths. SHyper alters cardiac morphology and function. SHypo causes dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction and increases the risk for weight gain and obesity. Overweight and obese patients often have hyperleptinemia, which increases the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and induces TD. Dyslipidemia associated with TD can increase serum uric acid levels. Hyperuricemia promotes inflammation and may increase the risk for dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and CVD. TD increases the risk for developing chronic kidney disease. In nephrotic syndrome, proteinuria is associated with urinary loss of TH leading to TD. Some correlation between TD and severity of liver disease is also seen. TD and PCOS have common risk factors and pathophysiological abnormalities. Hypothyroidism must be excluded before diagnosing PCOS. Current guidelines do not strongly recommend thyroid screening in the presence of all metabolic disorders. However, pragmatic thyrovigilance is required. Clinicians must stay alert to signs and symptoms of TD, maintain high clinical suspicion, and investigate thoroughly. Drug-induced TD should be considered when TH levels do not match clinical findings or when patients are on medications that can alter thyroid function.
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Zhang B, Zhang H, Yu Y, Zhang R, Wu Y, Yue M, Yang C. Effects of Bacillus Coagulans on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity function, and gut health in broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101168. [PMID: 33975039 PMCID: PMC8131733 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) as an alternative to antibiotics on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity function and gut health in broilers. A total of 480 one-day-old broilers were randomly divided into 3 treatments with 8 replicates comprising 20 broilers each. The experiment lasted 42 d. Treatments included: basal diet without antibiotics (NCO); basal diet supplemented with 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline (ANT); basal diet supplemented with 5 × 109 CFU/kg B. coagulans(BC). The B. coagulans enhanced body weight (BW) and average daily gain compared with the NCO group (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in average daily feed intake and feed: gain ratio (F: G) among three groups (P > 0.05). The B. coagulans significantly increased catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase levels and reduced malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). The serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgY) were significantly higher in the BC group when compared to the NCO and ANT groups (P < 0.05). The B. coagulans also markedly reduced serum levels of proinflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and enhanced anti-inflammatory factor (IL-10) concentrations compared with control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, compared with the control group, BC significantly inhibited serum xanthine oxidase activity (P < 0.05). The levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyrate, isobutyric acid and valerate in BC group were significantly increased on d 42 compared with the NCO and ANT groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BC significantly altered cecal microbiota by reducing Desulfovibrio and Parasutterella, and by increasing Alistipes and Odoribacter (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.001, P < 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, dietary B. coagulans, when used as an alternative to antibiotics, improved body weight, average daily gain, antioxidant capacity, immunity function and gut health in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ruiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Min Yue
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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