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Gui Z, Shao C, Zhan Y, Wang Z, Li L. Vascular calcification: High incidence sites, distribution, and detection. Cardiovasc Pathol 2024; 72:107667. [PMID: 38866090 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2024.107667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is an important pathological change in a variety of disease states such as atherosclerosis (AS), diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), hypertension, and is a strong predictor of cardiovascular events. The distribution and location of calcification in different vessels may have different clinical effects and prognosis. Therefore, the study of high-risk sites of vascular calcification will help us to better understand the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of related diseases, as well as to evaluate the efficacy and prognosis. So far, although there are some studies on the sites with high incidence of vascular calcification, there is a lack of systematic sorting out the distribution and location of vascular calcification in humans. Based on this, relevant databases were searched, literatures were retrieved, analyzed, and summarized, and the locations of high incidence of vascular calcification and their distribution characteristics, the relationship between high incidence of vascular calcification and hemodynamics, and the common detection methods of high incidence of vascular calcification were systematically described, hoping to provide help for clinical and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Gui
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuanzi Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Kadoglou NPE, Stasinopoulou M, Velidakis N, Khattab E, Christodoulou E, Gkougkoudi E, Valsami G. The Complex Mechanisms and the Potential Effects of Statins on Vascular Calcification: A Narrative Review. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2024; 25:51. [PMID: 39077343 PMCID: PMC11263155 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2502051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a complex process of calcium deposition on the arterial wall and atherosclerotic plaques and involves interaction between vascular smooth muscle cells, inflammatory and VC mediators. The latter are independent predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and potential targets of pharmaceutical therapy. This paper is a narrative review of the complex mechanisms of VC development and in this context the potential anti-atherosclerotic effects of statins. At the initial stages of atherosclerosis VC correlates with atherosclerosis burden and in the long-term with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A plethora of animal and clinical studies have proposed statins as the cornerstone of primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Based on coronary computed tomography data, high doses of statins may have negligible or even positive effects on the progression of coronary artery calcification. Growing data support an increase in atherosclerotic plaque calcification in peripheral arteries (e.g., carotids), after long-term, statin-therapy. Despite the paradox of increasing VC, those effects of statins have been associated with higher plaque stability, reducing the risk of consequent adverse events. Statins seem to promote a "favorable" atherosclerotic calcification, suppressing atherosclerotic lesion expansion and their vulnerability. More studies are required to clarify the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianna Stasinopoulou
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Elina Khattab
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, 2029 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eirini Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgia Valsami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
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Comparative Gut Microbiome Differences between High and Low Aortic Arch Calcification Score in Patients with Chronic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065673. [PMID: 36982746 PMCID: PMC10059004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis can induce chronic inflammation and contribute to atherosclerosis and vascular calcification. The aortic arch calcification (AoAC) score is a simple, noninvasive, and semiquantitative assessment tool to evaluate vascular calcification on chest radiographs. Few studies have discussed the relationship between gut microbiota and AoAC. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the microbiota composition between patients with chronic diseases and high or low AoAC scores. A total of 186 patients (118 males and 68 females) with chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus (80.6%), hypertension (75.3%), and chronic kidney disease (48.9%), were enrolled. Gut microbiota in fecal samples were analyzed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, and differences in microbial function were examined. The patients were divided into three groups according to AoAC score, including 103 patients in the low AoAC group (AoAC ≤ 3), 40 patients in the medium AoAC group (3 < AoAC ≤ 6), and 43 patients in the high AoAC group (AoAC > 6). Compared to the low AoAC group, the high AoAC group had a significantly lower microbial species diversity (Chao1 index and Shannon index) and increased microbial dysbiosis index. Beta diversity showed that the microbial community composition was significantly different among the three groups (p = 0.041, weighted UniFrac PCoA). A distinct microbial community structure was found in the patients with a low AoAC, with an increased abundance at the genus level of Agathobacter, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-002, Barnesiella, Butyricimonas, Oscillibacter, Ruminococcaceae DTU089, and Oxalobacter. In addition, there was an increased relative abundance of class Bacilli in the high AoAC group. Our findings support the association between gut dysbiosis and the severity of AoAC in patients with chronic diseases.
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Dental Diseases Increase Risk of Aortic Arch Calcification Independent of Renal Dysfunction in Older Adults: Shenzhen Community Cohort Study. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121258. [PMID: 36557295 PMCID: PMC9788133 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have documented that dental diseases were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Aortic arch calcification (AoAC) is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular diseases. However, whether the status of dental health is associated with AoAC is still unknown. 9463 participants over the age of 60 from Shenzhen community centers were included in the cross-sectional analysis. Physical examination data, blood biochemical tests, and AoAC scores calculated by chest radiography were collected and analyzed. Among them, 2630 participants were followed up for AoAC progression up to 36 months. Participants with AoAC suffered more tooth loss than those without AoAC (77.62% vs. 72.91%; p < 0.001). Association rule analysis suggested a strong association between dental diseases and AoAC. Tooth loss or decay increased the risk of AoAC progression (HR 1.459; 95%CI 1.284−1.658) after adjusting other risk factors including renal dysfunction. Dental diseases are potential predictors for AoAC in elderly people, which are independent of renal dysfunction.
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Jokkel Z, Forgo B, Hani-Gaius Ghattas C, Piroska M, Szabó H, Tarnoki DL, Tarnoki AD, Lee S, Sung J. Heritability of Cardiothoracic Ratio and Aortic Arch Calcification in Twins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57050421. [PMID: 33925456 PMCID: PMC8146378 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Aortic arch calcification (AoAC) is associated with a variety of cardiovascular complications. The measurement and grading of AoAC using posteroanterior (PA) chest X-rays are well established. The cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) can be simultaneously measured with PA chest X-rays and used as an index of cardiomegaly. The genetic and environmental contributions to the degree of the AoAC and CTR are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of genetics and environmental factors on the AoAC and CTR. Materials and Methods: A total of 684 twins from the South Korean twin registry (261 monozygotic, MZ and 81 dizygotic, DZ pairs; mean age 38.6 ± 7.9 years, male/female = 264/420) underwent PA chest X-rays. Cardiovascular risk factors and anthropometric data were also collected. The AoAC and CTR were measured and graded using a standardized method. A structural equation method was used to calculate the proportion of variance explained by genetic and environmental factors behind AoAC and CTR. Results: The within-pair differences were low regarding the grade of AoAC, with only a few twin pairs showing large intra-pair differences. We found that the thoracic width showed high heritability (0.67, 95% CI: 0.59–0.73, p = 1). Moderate heritability was detected regarding cardiac width (0.54, 95% CI: 0.45–0.62, p = 0.572) and CTR (0.54, 95% CI: 0.44–0.62, p = 0.701). Conclusions: The heritable component was significant regarding thoracic width, cardiac width, and the CTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia Jokkel
- Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 78/A Üllői Street, 1082 Budapest, Hungary; (C.H.-G.G.); (M.P.); (H.S.); (D.L.T.); (A.D.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bianka Forgo
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden;
| | - Christopher Hani-Gaius Ghattas
- Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 78/A Üllői Street, 1082 Budapest, Hungary; (C.H.-G.G.); (M.P.); (H.S.); (D.L.T.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Marton Piroska
- Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 78/A Üllői Street, 1082 Budapest, Hungary; (C.H.-G.G.); (M.P.); (H.S.); (D.L.T.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Helga Szabó
- Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 78/A Üllői Street, 1082 Budapest, Hungary; (C.H.-G.G.); (M.P.); (H.S.); (D.L.T.); (A.D.T.)
| | - David L. Tarnoki
- Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 78/A Üllői Street, 1082 Budapest, Hungary; (C.H.-G.G.); (M.P.); (H.S.); (D.L.T.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Adam D. Tarnoki
- Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 78/A Üllői Street, 1082 Budapest, Hungary; (C.H.-G.G.); (M.P.); (H.S.); (D.L.T.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Sooji Lee
- Genome and Health Big Data Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.L.); (J.S.)
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joohon Sung
- Genome and Health Big Data Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.L.); (J.S.)
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Yan W, Sun G, Luo A, Lin S, Wang J, Zhang Q, Jiang J, Zhang M, Wang F, Tan W. Serum uric acid is independently associated with aortic arch calcification in a cross-sectional study of middle-aged and elderly women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:932-938. [PMID: 32402584 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The increased serum uric acid (SUA) level is associated with the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks. Aortic arch calcification (AAC) reflects subclinical coronary atherosclerosis and is linked to subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality risks closely. To better understand the role of SUA on arteriosclerosis and CVD, we aim to determine the association between SUA and the presence of AAC. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 5920 individuals aged >45 years old without prior CVD disease were included. The prevalence rate of AAC was 14.4% in all participants and a significantly increasing trend for AAC prevalence rate was found across the SUA tertiles (p < 0.001 for trend). Subsequent subgroup analyses revealed that this positive association trend was only significant in female subjects. After adjusting for confounders, SUA is an independent predictor for the presence of AAC in overall participants and in women. CONCLUSION SUA is independently associated with AAC in middle-aged and elderly population, especially in the women. More research needs to determine whether lower thresholds for CVD risk screening for those middle-aged and elderly women with higher SUA tertile even without hyperuricemia are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Division of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Guoming Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Changzhou NO.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Aishu Luo
- Division of Rheumatology, Yancheng First Hospital, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shiyu Lin
- Division of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Qiande Zhang
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Jintao Jiang
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Miaojia Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Wenfeng Tan
- Division of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China.
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