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Pan F, Sui J, Silva-Pedraza Z, Bontekoe J, Carlos CR, Wu G, Liu W, Gao J, Liu B, Wang X. 3D-Printed Piezoelectric Stents for Electricity Generation Driven by Pressure Fluctuation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27705-27713. [PMID: 38748054 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Vascular stenting is a common procedure used to treat diseased blood vessels by opening the narrowed vessel lumen and restoring blood flow to ischemic tissues in the heart and other organs. In this work, we report a novel piezoelectric stent featuring a zigzag shape fabricated by fused deposition modeling three-dimensional (3D) printing with a built-in electric field. The piezoelectric composite was made of potassium sodium niobite microparticles and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), complementing each other with good piezoelectric performance and mechanical resilience. The in situ poling yielded an appreciable piezoelectricity (d33 ∼ 4.2 pC N-1) of the as-printed stents. In vitro testing revealed that materials are nontoxic to vascular cells and have low thrombotic potential. Under stimulated blood pressure fluctuation, the as-printed piezoelectric stent was able to generate peak-to-peak voltage from 0.07 to 0.15 V corresponding to pressure changes from 20 to 120 Psi, giving a sensitivity of 7.02 × 10-4 V Psi-1. Biocompatible piezoelectric stents bring potential opportunities for the real-time monitoring of blood vessels or enabling therapeutic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengdan Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jiajie Sui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zulmari Silva-Pedraza
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jack Bontekoe
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Corey R Carlos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Grace Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jinghan Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Todros S, Barbon S, Stocco E, Favaron M, Macchi V, De Caro R, Porzionato A, Pavan PG. Time-dependent mechanical behavior of partially oxidized polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels for tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 125:104966. [PMID: 34798532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels are synthetic polymers which can be used as scaffolds for tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility and large water content. To improve their biodegradation properties, partial oxidation of PVA is achieved by means of different oxidizing agents, such as potassium permanganate, bromine and iodine. The effect of this process on hydrogels mechanical performance has not been fully investigated in view of tissue engineering applications. In this work, the time-dependent mechanical behavior of unmodified and partially oxidized PVA hydrogels is evaluated by means of uniaxial tensile and stress relaxation tests, to evaluate the effect of different oxidizing agents on the viscoelastic response. Tensile tests show an isotropic and almost-incompressible behavior, with a stiffness reduction after PVA oxidation. The time-dependent response of oxidized PVA is comparable to the one of unmodified PVA and is modeled as a quasi-linear viscoelastic behavior. Finite Element (FE) models of PVA samples are developed and numerical analyses are used to evaluate the effect of different strain rates on the mechanical response under uniaxial tension. This model can be exploited to predict the time-dependent mechanical behavior of partially oxidized PVA in tissue engineering application under tensile loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Todros
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131, Padova, Italy; Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Barbon
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 65, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Stocco
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 65, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Favaron
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 65, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 65, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 65, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Piero G Pavan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131, Padova, Italy; Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città Della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
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Abstract
Stenting is a common method for treating atherosclerosis. A metal or polymer stent is deployed to open the stenosed artery or vein. After the stent is deployed, the blood flow dynamics influence the mechanics by compressing and expanding the structure. If the stent does not respond properly to the resulting stress, vascular wall injury or re-stenosis can occur. In this work, a Discrete Multiphysics modelling approach is used to study the mechanical deformation of the coronary stent and its relationship with the blood flow dynamics. The major parameters responsible for deforming the stent are sorted in terms of dimensionless numbers and a relationship between the elastic forces in the stent and pressure forces in the fluid is established. The blood flow and the stiffness of the stent material contribute significantly to the stent deformation and affect its rate of deformation. The stress distribution in the stent is not uniform with the higher stresses occurring at the nodes of the structure. From the relationship (correlation) between the elastic force and the pressure force, depending on the type of material used for the stent, the model can be used to predict whether the stent is at risk of fracture or not after deployment.
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Yeazel TR, Becker ML. Advancing Toward 3D Printing of Bioresorbable Shape Memory Polymer Stents. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3957-3965. [PMID: 32924443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stents have evolved significantly since their introduction to the medical field in the early 1980s, becoming widely used in percutaneous coronary interventions and following nephrological procedures. However, the current commercially available stents do not degrade and remain in the body forever, leading to problems like restenosis in cardiovascular applications or requiring removal procedures in ureteral applications. Efforts to replace metal with resorbable materials have largely been halted after the commercial failure of and safety concerns elicited by Abbott's Absorb stent in 2017. Industry continues to use common polymers such as poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) for biomedical products, but due to the weak mechanical properties of these bioresorbable materials in comparison to metals, these devices have struggled to accomplish the goals set, increasing risk of thrombosis. 3D printing stents using bioresorbable and shape memory materials could provide a method of patient-personalized production, remove the need for balloon expansion, and limit stent migration, thus bringing a new age of stent technology. The investigation of a range of 3D-printable and bioresorbable shape-memory polymers can provide solutions to the shortcomings of previously explored bioresorbable stents and revitalize the medical device industry efforts into advancing stent technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Yeazel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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