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Magro G, Calistri A, Parolin C. Targeting and Understanding HIV Latency: The CRISPR System against the Provirus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101257. [PMID: 34684206 PMCID: PMC8539363 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of latently infected cells and reservoirs in HIV-1 infected patients constitutes a significant obstacle to achieve a definitive cure. Despite the efforts dedicated to solve these issues, the mechanisms underlying viral latency are still under study. Thus, on the one hand, new strategies are needed to elucidate which factors are involved in latency establishment and maintenance. On the other hand, innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at eradicating HIV infection are explored. In this context, advances of the versatile CRISPR-Cas gene editing technology are extremely promising, by providing, among other advantages, the possibility to target the HIV-1 genome once integrated into cellular DNA (provirus) and/or host-specific genes involved in virus infection/latency. This system, up to now, has been employed with success in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies, highlighting its increasing significance in the field. In this review, we focus on the progresses made in the use of different CRISPR-Cas strategies to target the HIV-1 provirus, and we then discuss recent advancements in the use of CRISPR screens to elucidate the role of host-specific factors in viral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianna Calistri
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.P.); Tel.: +39-049-827-2341 (A.C.); +39-049-827-2365 (C.P.)
| | - Cristina Parolin
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.P.); Tel.: +39-049-827-2341 (A.C.); +39-049-827-2365 (C.P.)
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Gonçalves BC, Lopes Barbosa MG, Silva Olak AP, Belebecha Terezo N, Nishi L, Watanabe MA, Marinello P, Zendrini Rechenchoski D, Dejato Rocha SP, Faccin-Galhardi LC. Antiviral therapies: advances and perspectives. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:305-320. [PMID: 33011993 PMCID: PMC7675511 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections cause high morbidity and mortality, threaten public health, and impose a socioeconomic burden. We have seen the recent emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), the causative agent of COVID‐19 that has already infected more than 29 million people, with more than 900 000 deaths since its identification in December 2019. Considering the significant impact of viral infections, research and development of new antivirals and control strategies are essential. In this paper, we summarize 96 antivirals approved by the Food and Drug Administration between 1987 and 2019. Of these, 49 (51%) are used in treatments against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), four against human papillomavirus, six against cytomegalovirus, eight against hepatitis B virus, five against influenza, six against herpes simplex virus, 17 against hepatitis C virus and one against respiratory syncytial virus. This review also describes future perspectives for new antiviral therapies such as nanotechnologies, monoclonal antibodies and the CRISPR‐Cas system. These strategies are suggested as inhibitors of viral replication by various means, such as direct binding to the viral particle, blocking the infection, changes in intracellular mechanisms or viral genes, preventing replication and virion formation. We also observed that a large number of viral agents have no therapy available and the majority of those approved in the last 32 years are restricted to some groups, especially anti‐HIV. Additionally, the emergence of new viruses and strains resistant to available antivirals has necessitated the formulation of new antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carolina Gonçalves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Mário Gabriel Lopes Barbosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Anna Paula Silva Olak
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Natalia Belebecha Terezo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Leticia Nishi
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Angélica Watanabe
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Poliana Marinello
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Daniele Zendrini Rechenchoski
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Sergio Paulo Dejato Rocha
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Lígia Carla Faccin-Galhardi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
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Chung CH, Allen AG, Atkins AJ, Sullivan NT, Homan G, Costello R, Madrid R, Nonnemacher MR, Dampier W, Wigdahl B. Safe CRISPR-Cas9 Inhibition of HIV-1 with High Specificity and Broad-Spectrum Activity by Targeting LTR NF-κB Binding Sites. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:965-982. [PMID: 32818921 PMCID: PMC7452136 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Viral latency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has become a major hurdle to a cure in the highly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system has successfully been demonstrated to excise or inactivate integrated HIV-1 provirus from infected cells by targeting the long terminal repeat (LTR) region. However, the guide RNAs (gRNAs) have classically avoided transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) that are readily observed and known to be important in human promoters. Although conventionally thought unfavorable due to potential impact on human promoters, our computational pipeline identified gRNA sequences that were predicted to inactivate HIV-1 transcription by targeting the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) binding sites (gNFKB0, gNFKB1) with a high safety profile (lack of predicted or observed human edits) and broad-spectrum activity (predicted coverage of known viral sequences). Genome-wide, unbiased identification of double strand breaks (DSBs) enabled by sequencing (GUIDE-seq) showed that the gRNAs targeting NF-κB binding sites had no detectable CRISPR-induced off-target edits in HeLa cells. 5′ LTR-driven HIV-1 transcription was significantly reduced in three HIV-1 reporter cell lines. These results demonstrate a working model to specifically target well-known TFBSs in the HIV-1 LTR that are readily observed in human promoters to reduce HIV-1 transcription with a high-level safety profile and broad-spectrum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Alexander G Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Andrew J Atkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Neil T Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Greg Homan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Robert Costello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Rebekah Madrid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Will Dampier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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