Application of Factorial and Doehlert Designs for the Optimization of the Simultaneous Separation and Determination of Antimigraine Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations by RP-HPLC-UV

Sustainable, Green, and Sensitive Spectrofluorimetric Approach for Pizotifen Maleate Detection in Tablets and Human Plasma via Photo-Induced Electron Transfer Inhibition

Pizotifen maleate (PZM) is an anti-migraine drug. Effective treatment requires accurate measurement of PZM levels in patients and constant medication concentrations in tablets. This paper presents a new spectrofluorimetric approach for detecting PZM in tablets and human blood plasma (spiked with PZM). The detection mechanism depends on the inhibition of the PZM molecule's photoinduced electron transfer (PET), resulting in a bright fluorescent intensity from PZM. Acetic acid (2.0 M) acidifies the reaction environment and causes PET inhibition. This approach detects PZM at concentrations ranging from 100 to 700 ng mL-1. Furthermore, the approach has outstanding detection and quantification limits of 30.95 and 93.78 ng mL-1, respectively. Also, the approach accurately measured PZM content homogeneity in each tablet and spiked human plasma samples without any interference. This new strategy represents a new and sensitive method for accurate PZM monitoring in different samples. Furthermore, the established fluorimetric method's greenness was evaluated.

Quality-by-design driven approach in the formulation of an anti-ulcer and gastro-protective oral suspension

OBJECTIVE

This work aims to present a Quality-by-Design (QbD) step-by-step methodology to formulate anti-ulcer and gastro-protective oral suspensions.

METHODS

Sucralfate was used as a drug model. The Quality Target Product Profile was established early during preformulation. Viscosity, resuspendability, pH, and density were assessed through the screening of several suspension platforms based on different prototype compositions. A compatibility study between the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the excipients was performed by thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. An Ishikawa fishbone diagram and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis were employed to identify the Critical Material Attributes (CMAs), Critical Process Parameters (CPPs), and Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs). CMAs' and CPPs' impact on identified CQAs was further assessed through a 22 full factorial experimental design at normal conditions after manufacture and one month at super-accelerated stress conditions. Results: The lead prototype exhibited no physicochemical incompatibilities. The risk assessment tools revealed that the concentration of the wetting agent and the total concentration of thickening agents represented critical factors for the quality profile of the preparation in terms of viscosity. The optimized formulation comprising 1.125 w/v% total concentration of Natrosol 250 HX and Avicel RC 591 exhibited an enhanced performance according to the established profile.

CONCLUSIONS

The analytical and physicochemical tests showed the robustness and compliance of the final preparation with the quality profile. The proposed step-by-step methodology based on QbD, Design of Experiments, and Quality Risk Management presented in our research holds practical implications for local industries and formulation scientists involved in the development of oral suspensions.

Quality-by-design in pharmaceutical development: From current perspectives to practical applications

Current pharmaceutical research directions tend to follow a systematic approach in the field of applied research and development. The concept of quality-by-design (QbD) has been the focus of the current progress of pharmaceutical sciences. It is based on, but not limited, to risk assessment, design of experiments and other computational methods and process analytical technology. These tools offer a well-organized methodology, both to identify and analyse the hazards that should be handled as critical, and are therefore applicable in the control strategy. Once implemented, the QbD approach will augment the comprehension of experts concerning the developed analytical technique or manufacturing process. The main activities are oriented towards the identification of the quality target product profiles, along with the critical quality attributes, the risk management of these and their analysis through in silico aided methods. This review aims to offer an overview of the current standpoints and general applications of QbD methods in pharmaceutical development.

Experimental design in HPLC separation of pharmaceuticals

Design of Experiments (DoE) is an indispensable tool in contemporary drug analysis as it simultaneously balances a number of chromatographic parameters to ensure optimal separation in High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This manuscript briefly outlines the theoretical background of the DOE and provides step-by-step instruction for its implementation in HPLC pharmaceutical practice. It particularly discusses the classification of various design types and their possibilities to rationalize the different stages of HPLC method development workflow, such as the selection of the most influential factors, factors optimization and assessment of the method robustness. Additionally, the application of the DOE-based Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) concept in the LC method development has been summarized. Recent achievements in the use of DOE in the development of stability-indicating LC and hyphenated LC-MS methods have also been briefly reported. Performing of Quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) study enhanced with DOE-based data collection was recomended as a future perspective in description of retention in HPLC system.