1
|
Xu Z, Ke Y, Feng Q, Tuerdimaimaiti A, Zhang D, Dong L, Liu A. Proteomic characteristics of the aqueous humor in Uyghur patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2024; 243:109903. [PMID: 38642601 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is characterized by the deposition of fibrous pseudoexfoliation material (PEXM) in the eye, and secondary glaucoma associated with this syndrome has a faster and more severe clinical course. The incidence of PEX and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEXG) exhibits ethnic clustering; however, few proteomic studies related to PEX and PEXG have been conducted in Asian populations. Therefore, we aimed to conduct proteomic analysis on the aqueous humor (AH) obtained from Uyghur patients with cataracts, those with PEX and cataracts, and those with PEXG and cataracts to better understand the molecular mechanisms of the disease and identify its potential biomarkers. To this end, AH was collected from patients with cataracts (n = 10, control group), PEX with cataracts (n = 10, PEX group), and PEXG with cataracts (n = 10, PEXG group) during phacoemulsification. Label-free quantitative proteomic techniques combined with bioinformatics were used to identify and analyze differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the AH of PEX and PEXG groups. Then, independent AH samples (n = 12, each group) were collected to validate DEPs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The PEX group exhibited 25 DEPs, while the PEXG group showed 44 DEPs, both compared to the control group. Subsequently, we found three newly identified proteins in both PEX and PEXG groups, wherein FRAS1-related extracellular matrix protein 2 (FREM2) and osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) exhibited downregulation, whereas coagulation Factor IX (F9) displayed upregulation. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that extracellular matrix interactions, abnormal blood-derived proteins, and lysosomes were mainly involved in the process of PEX and PEXG, and the PPI network further revealed F9 may serve as a potential biomarker for both PEX and PEXG. In conclusion, this study provides new information for understanding the proteomics of AH in PEX and PEXG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yin Ke
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Ophthalmology Department of People's Hospital of Hotan District, Xinjiang, China
| | | | - Dandan Zhang
- Ophthalmology Department of People's Hospital of Hotan District, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lijie Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Aihua Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang W, Wang H. Understanding the complex genetics and molecular mechanisms underlying glaucoma. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101220. [PMID: 37856931 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Currently the only effective treatment for glaucoma is to reduce the intraocular pressure, which can halt the progression of the disease. Highlighting the importance of identifying individuals at risk of developing glaucoma and those with early-stage glaucoma will help patients receive treatment before sight loss. However, some cases of glaucoma do not have raised intraocular pressure. In fact, glaucoma is caused by a variety of different mechanisms and has a wide range of different subtypes. Understanding other risk factors, the underlying mechanisms, and the pathology of glaucoma might lead to novel treatments and treatment of underlying diseases. In this review we present the latest research into glaucoma including the genetics and molecular basis of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated People's Hospital, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Huaizhou Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Demirdöğen BC, Demirkaya-Budak S. Influence of clusterin genetic variants on IOP elevation in pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma in Turkish population. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:117. [PMID: 36959561 PMCID: PMC10035213 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-02850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is distinguished by the deposition of fibrillary material within the aqueous humor and, in most cases, causes pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEG). The pathophysiologies of PEX and PEG are not completely explained. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3' untranslated region or introns of the clusterin gene (CLU) and the susceptibility to developing PEG or PEX. METHODS Two hundred and forty patients with PEX, 239 patients with PEG, and 240 control subjects were included. Genotyping was carried out using real-time PCR (rs2279590 C/T and rs1532278 C/T) or PCR followed by restriction endonuclease digestion (rs11136000 C/T and rs3087554 T/C). RESULTS The minor alleles or genotypes of CLU SNPs were not significantly associated with PEX or PEG. IOP values of patients with PEX carrying the homozygote polymorphic TT genotype were significantly elevated compared with PEX cases with the CT or CC genotypes for rs2279590, rs11136000 and rs1532278 (P = .009, P = .007, P = .010, respectively). CONCLUSION We present the first evidence that three SNPs in CLU gene (rs2279590, rs11136000 and rs1532278) might induce a rise in IOP in patients with PEX, conferring susceptibility to develop PEG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Can Demirdöğen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Söğütözü, 06560, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sinem Demirkaya-Budak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Söğütözü, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
DNA Polymorphism of the LOXL1 Promoter Region in Exfoliation Syndrome in Uygur Individuals in XinJiang, China. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:9342635. [PMID: 35942063 PMCID: PMC9356802 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9342635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose On the basis of our previously reported work, the association of lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) promoter region gene polymorphism with exfoliation syndrome (XFS) and exfoliation glaucoma (XFG) in Uygur individuals was examined. Methods This was a case-control association trial. A total of 242 unrelated XFS/G and 310 control cases were assessed. The genotypes of 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the LOXL1 promoter (rs4886761, rs4886467, rs4558370, rs4461027, rs16958477, and rs12914489) were examined via direct sequencing. Results Each of the above SNPs had significant associations with XFS and XFG. The T allele of rs4886761 (OR (95% CI): 2.204 (1.711–2.838)), G of rs4886467 (OR (95% CI): 1.946 (1.513–2.503)), T of rs4461027 (OR (95% CI): 2.26 (1.773–2.881)), A of rs16958477 (OR (95% CI): 1.792 (1.399–2.297)), and G of rs12914489 (OR (95% CI): 1.103 (0.631–1.929)) independently predicted XFS/G. The genotypes TT and CC of rs4886761 (OR (95% CI): 5.655 (3.000–10.660) and 2.241 (1.473–3.408), respectively), TT and GG of rs4886467 (OR (95% CI): 4.026 (2.162–7.497) and 1.631 (1.08–2.463), respectively), CC and TT of rs4461027 (OR (95% CI): 5.245 (3.037–9.058) and 2.210 (1.37–3.564), respectively), CC and AA of rs16958477 (OR (95% CI): 3.530 (1.968–6.334) and 1.740 (1.145–2.646), respectively) also independently predicted XFS/G. The GGT and GTG haplotypes of rs12914489, rs4886467, and rs4558370 and TC and CT of rs4461027 and rs4886761 showed significant associations with XFS/G. Conclusions These results confirmed LOXL1 as a susceptibility gene in XFS/XFG among Uygur individuals. The new SNPs of rs4886761, rs4886467, rs4461027, and rs16958477 polymorphisms are involved in the pathogenetic mechanism of XFS/G.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mullany S, Marshall H, Zhou T, Thomson D, Schmidt JM, Qassim A, Knight LSW, Hollitt G, Berry EC, Nguyen T, To MS, Dimasi D, Kuot A, Dubowsky J, Fogarty R, Sun M, Chehade L, Kuruvilla S, Supramaniam D, Breen J, Sharma S, Landers J, Lake S, Mills RA, Hassall MM, Chan WO, Klebe S, Souzeau E, Siggs OM, Craig JE. RNA Sequencing of Lens Capsular Epithelium Implicates Novel Pathways in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:26. [PMID: 35348588 PMCID: PMC8982629 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.3.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is a common systemic disease that results in severe and often irreversible vision loss. Despite considerable research effort, PEX remains incompletely understood. This study sought to perform the first RNAseq study in elucidate the pathophysiology of PEX, and contribute a publicly available transcriptomic data resource for future research. Methods Human ocular lens capsular epithelium samples were collected from 25 patients with PEX and 39 non-PEX controls undergoing cataract surgery. RNA extracted from these specimens was subjected to polyadenylated (mRNA) selection and deep bulk RNA sequencing. Differential expression analysis investigated protein-coding gene transcripts. Exploratory analyses used pathway analysis tools, and curated class- and disease-specific gene sets. Results Differential expression analysis demonstrated that 2882 genes were differentially expressed according to PEX status. Genes associated with viral gene expression pathways were among the most upregulated, alongside genes encoding ribosomal and mitochondrial respiratory transport chain proteins. Cell adhesion protein transcripts including type 4 collagen subunits were downregulated. Conclusions This comparative transcriptomic dataset highlights novel and previously recognized pathogenic pathways in PEX and provides the first comprehensive transcriptomic resource, adding an additional layer to build further understanding of PEX pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Mullany
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Henry Marshall
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tiger Zhou
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Daniel Thomson
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joshua M Schmidt
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ayub Qassim
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lachlan S W Knight
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Georgina Hollitt
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ella C Berry
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Thi Nguyen
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Minh-Son To
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Dimasi
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Abraham Kuot
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joshua Dubowsky
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rhys Fogarty
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michelle Sun
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Luke Chehade
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shilpa Kuruvilla
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Devaraj Supramaniam
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James Breen
- SAHMRI Bioinformatics Core, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shiwani Sharma
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John Landers
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stewart Lake
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard A Mills
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark M Hassall
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Weng O Chan
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sonja Klebe
- Flinders Department of Pathology, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Souzeau
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Owen M Siggs
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sundberg CA, Lakk M, Paul S, Figueroa KP, Scoles DR, Pulst SM, Križaj D. The RNA-binding protein and stress granule component ATAXIN-2 is expressed in mouse and human tissues associated with glaucoma pathogenesis. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:537-552. [PMID: 34350994 PMCID: PMC8716417 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyglutamine repeat expansions in the Ataxin-2 (ATXN2) gene were first implicated in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2, a disease associated with degeneration of motor neurons and Purkinje cells. Recent studies linked single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene to elevated intraocular pressure in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG); yet, the localization of ATXN2 across glaucoma-relevant tissues of the vertebrate eye has not been thoroughly examined. This study characterizes ATXN2 expression in the mouse and human retina, and anterior eye, using an antibody validated in ATXN2-/- retinas. ATXN2-ir was localized to cytosolic sub compartments in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somata and proximal dendrites in addition to GABAergic, glycinergic, and cholinergic amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and displaced amacrine cells. Human, but not mouse retinas showed modest immunolabeling of bipolar cells. ATXN2 immunofluorescence was prominent in the trabecular meshwork and pigmented and nonpigmented cells of the ciliary body, with analyses of primary human trabecular meshwork cells confirming the finding. The expression of ATXN2 in key POAG-relevant ocular tissues supports the potential role in autophagy and stress granule formation in response to ocular hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad A. Sundberg
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Monika Lakk
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sharan Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Karla P. Figueroa
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel R. Scoles
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Stefan M. Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David Križaj
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hicks PM, Siedlecki A, Haaland B, Owen LA, Au E, Feehan M, Murtaugh MA, Sieminski S, Reynolds A, Lillvis J, DeAngelis MM. A global genetic epidemiological review of pseudoexfoliation syndrome. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2021.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation (PXF) syndrome is an important public health concern requiring individual population level analysis. Disease prevalence differs by geographic location and ethnicity, and has environmental, demographic, genetic, and molecular risk factors have been demonstrated. Epidemiological factors that have been associated with PXF include age, sex, environmental factors, and diet. Genetic and molecular components have also been identified that are associated with PXF. Underserved populations are often understudied within scientific research, including research about eye disease such as PXF, contributing to the persistence of health disparities within these populations. In each population, PXF needs may be different, and by having research that identifies individual population needs about PXF, the resources in that population can be more efficiently utilized. Otherwise, PXF intervention and care management based only on the broadest level of understanding may continue to exacerbate health disparities in populations disproportionally burdened by PXF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice M. Hicks
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Adam Siedlecki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA
| | - Benjamin Haaland
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Leah A. Owen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA
| | - Elizabeth Au
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA
| | - Michael Feehan
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA;Cerner Enviza, Kansas City, MO 64117, USA
| | - Maureen A. Murtaugh
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Sandra Sieminski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA
| | - Andrew Reynolds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA
| | - John Lillvis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA;VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA;VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The genetic basis of pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome, the most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma, is steadily being elucidated. This review summarizes the recent advances on genetic risk factors for PEX syndrome/glaucoma and their potential functional implications in PEX pathophysiology. RECENT FINDINGS As of today, seven loci associated with the risk of PEX surpassing genome-wide significance have been identified by well-powered genome-wide association studies and sequencing efforts. LOXL1 (lysyl oxidase-like 1) represents the major genetic effect locus, although the biological role of common risk variants and their reversed effect in different ethnicities remain an unresolved problem. Rare protein-coding variants at LOXL1 and a single noncoding variant downstream of LOXL1 showed no allele effect reversal and suggested potential roles for elastin homeostasis and vitamin A metabolism in PEX pathogenesis. Other PEX-associated genetic variants provided biological insights into additional disease processes and pathways, including ubiquitin-proteasome function, calcium signaling, and lipid biosynthesis. Gene-environment interactions, epigenetic alterations, and integration of multiomics data have further contributed to our knowledge of the complex etiology underlying PEX syndrome and glaucoma. SUMMARY PEX-associated genes are beginning to reveal relevant biological pathways and processes involved in disease development. To understand the functional consequences and molecular mechanisms of these loci and to translate them into novel therapeutic approaches are the major challenges for the future.
Collapse
|
9
|
Molecular Genetics of Glaucoma: Subtype and Ethnicity Considerations. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:genes12010055. [PMID: 33396423 PMCID: PMC7823611 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the world’s leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a complex disease, with differential presentation as well as ethnic and geographic disparities. The multifactorial nature of glaucoma complicates the study of genetics and genetic involvement in the disease process. This review synthesizes the current literature on glaucoma and genetics, as stratified by glaucoma subtype and ethnicity. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common cause of glaucoma worldwide, with the only treatable risk factor (RF) being the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP). Genes associated with elevated IOP or POAG risk include: ABCA1, AFAP1, ARHGEF12, ATXN2, CAV1, CDKN2B-AS1, FOXC1, GAS7, GMDS, SIX1/SIX6, TMCO1, and TXNRD2. However, there are variations in RF and genetic factors based on ethnic and geographic differences; it is clear that unified molecular pathways accounting for POAG pathogenesis remain uncertain, although inflammation and senescence likely play an important role. There are similar ethnic and geographic complexities in primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), but several genes have been associated with this disorder, including MMP9, HGF, HSP70, MFRP, and eNOS. In exfoliation glaucoma (XFG), genes implicated include LOXL1, CACNA1A, POMP, TMEM136, AGPAT1, RBMS3, and SEMA6A. Despite tremendous progress, major gaps remain in resolving the genetic architecture for the various glaucoma subtypes across ancestries. Large scale carefully designed studies are required to advance understanding of genetic loci as RF in glaucoma pathophysiology and to improve diagnosis and treatment options.
Collapse
|