Determination of Electrolytes in Critical Illness Patients at Different pH Ranges: Whom Shall We Believe, the Blood Gas Analysis or the Laboratory Autoanalyzer?

Microneedle-Based Potentiometric Sensing System for Continuous Monitoring of Multiple Electrolytes in Skin Interstitial Fluids

Electrolytes play a pivotal role in regulating cardiovascular functions, hydration, and muscle activation. The current standards for monitoring electrolytes involve periodic sampling of blood and measurements using laboratory techniques, which are often uncomfortable/inconvenient to the subjects and add considerable expense to the management of their underlying disease conditions. The wide range of electrolytes in skin interstitial fluids (ISFs) and their correlations with those in plasma create exciting opportunities for applications such as electrolyte and circadian metabolism monitoring. However, it has been challenging to monitor these electrolytes in the skin ISFs. In this study, we report a minimally invasive microneedle-based potentiometric sensing system for multiplexed and continuous monitoring of Na⁺ and K⁺ in the skin ISFs. The potentiometric sensing system consists of a miniaturized stainless-steel hollow microneedle to prevent sensor delamination and a set of modified microneedle electrodes for multiplex monitoring. We demonstrate the measurement of Na⁺ and K⁺ in artificial ISFs with a fast response time, excellent reversibility and repeatability, adequate selectivity, and negligible potential interferences upon the addition of a physiologically relevant concentration of metabolites, dietary biomarkers, and nutrients. In addition, the sensor maintains the sensitivity after multiple insertions into the chicken skin model. Furthermore, the measurements in artificial ISFs using calibrated sensors confirm the accurate measurements of physiological electrolytes in artificial ISFs. Finally, the skin-mimicking phantom gel and chicken skin model experiments demonstrate the sensor's potential for minimally invasive monitoring of electrolytes in skin ISFs. The developed sensor platform can be adapted for a wide range of other applications, including real-time monitoring of nutrients, metabolites, and proteins.