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Yadesa G, Bala ET, Kolola T, Solbana LK. Intimate partner violence and its associated factors among married women at Jeldu district, Central Ethiopia: A community-based mixed cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2099. [PMID: 38817883 PMCID: PMC11136638 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Intimate partner violence is a global threat, regardless of any religious, cultural, or economic differences. Few studies have been conducted before in rural areas of Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among married women in Jeldu district. Methods A community-based mixed cross-sectional study was conducted among 620 married women in Jeldu district, west Ethiopia. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to select study participants. The quantitative data were checked and entered into Epidata and STATA version 15.0 for analysis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the associated factors of intimate partner violence. The finding of the quantitative study was triangulated with the findings of focused group discussion. Results Six hundred seven married women participated in the study making a response rate of 97.43%. The lifetime and past 12 months prevalence of intimate partner violence was 57.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 53.78%-61.62%) and 53.20% (95% CI: 49.28%-57.12%) respectively. Partner with lower education (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 3.64 (95% CI: 1.07-12.38), alcohol intake by partner (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.31-2.81), equal dominance on family affairs (AOR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.18-0.51), and family size >5 (AOR = 4.54, 95% CI: 1.89-10.91) were factors significantly associated with intimate partner violence. Conclusion The prevalence of intimate partner violence was relatively higher among married women study area. Partner's lower educational status, alcohol intake of the partner, dominance on family issues, and family size were factors associated with intimate partner violence. So, gender offices, and district and regional educational sectors should design appropriate strategies and work hard to tackle the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geremew Yadesa
- West Shoa Zonal Health DepartmentOromia Health BureauOromiaEthiopia
| | - Elias Teferi Bala
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health SciencesAmbo UniversityAmboEthiopia
| | - Tufa Kolola
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health SciencesAmbo UniversityAmboEthiopia
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Gedefa AG, Abdi T, Chilo D, Debele GR, Girma A, Abdulahi M. Intimate Partner Violence, prevalence and its consequences: a community-based study in Gambella, Ethiopia. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1412788. [PMID: 38859902 PMCID: PMC11163098 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1412788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Intimate partner violence is defined as any behavior by a current or past male intimate partner during marriage, cohabitation, or any other formal or informal union that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm. Men are the most common perpetrators of this against women. It affects almost one-third of all women worldwide. Objective This study aimed to assess the prevalence, consequences, and factors associated with intimate partner violence among partnered women in Gambella town. Methods A community-based, cross-sectional study design was employed. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data was collected using a pretested, structured questionnaire. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software version 25. The bivariate and multivariate logistic regression method was used to identify factors associated with intimate partner violence. Variables with a p-value <0.05 were considered significantly associated with intimate partner violence. Results The overall prevalence of intimate partner violence in the lifetime and the last 12 months was 58.8, 95% CI (54.0, 63.6), and 51.8, 95% CI (46.7, 56.8), respectively. More than half (53.3%) of the violence resulted in physical injury, while 32.9% were separated from their partners whereas, mother's history of exposure to IPV [AOR: 1.8, 95% CI (1.03-3.27), p < 0.05], respondent's age [AOR: 3.4, 95% CI (1.8, 6.5), p < 0.001], substance use [AOR:2.5, 95% CI (1.5-4.1), p < 0.001], disagreement on sexual intercourse [AOR:3.2, 95% CI (1.8-5.7), p < 0.01], monthly family income [AOR:0.32, 95% CI: (0.16-0.63), p < 0.01] and family size [AOR:2.8, 95% CI: (1.6-4.8), p < 0.01] were significantly associated with IPV. Conclusion The study indicated that the prevalence of intimate partner violence was very high. Age of the woman, family size, substance use, economic status, were among factors significantly associated with intimate partner violence. Therefore, responsible stakeholders should respond to the deep-rooted and highly complicated gender inequality by implementing preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdi Geda Gedefa
- Public Health Departments, College of Health Science, Mattu Univeristy, Mattu, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Abdi
- Gambella Hospital, Gambella Region Health Bureau, Gambella, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Chilo
- Pharmacy Department, College of Health Science, Mattu Univeristy, Mattu, Ethiopia
| | - Gebiso Roba Debele
- Public Health Departments, College of Health Science, Mattu Univeristy, Mattu, Ethiopia
| | - Ayantu Girma
- Ayantu Girma Law Office, Federal and Oromia Region Justice Bureau, Finfinne, Ethiopia
| | - Misra Abdulahi
- Department of Population and Family Health Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Mulatu T, Dessie Y, Abera M. Multi-level analysis of intimate partner violence and its determinants among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia: evidence from Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey, 2016. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1391. [PMID: 38783247 PMCID: PMC11118745 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is recognized as a main public health challenge, with serious consequences for women's physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health. Despite its public health importance, most studies of IPV in Ethiopia mainly focused on individual characteristics and didn't identify how factors operating at different levels affect IPV. Thus, there is limited evidence regarding the hierarchical-level factors of IPV and the effect of individual and community-level determinants of IPV. The aim of this study is to assess the individual and community-level factors associated with violence against women among ever-married reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. METHODS A retrospective analysis of secondary data retrieved from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey was conducted among reproductive age group women (15-49 years of age) who reported ever being married within the available data set for the domestic violence module. STATA 14 was used to conduct the analysis. A two-level mixed-effects logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between IPV and individual- and community-level factors. IPV variability across the community was assessed using ICC and PCV. The model's fitness was assessed using the Akaike information criterion (AIC), the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), and the likelihood ratio test. RESULT The life time prevalence of IPV in this study was 33% [95% CI: 30.74, 34.25]. Women's age 20-24 (AOR = 5.85, 95% CI: 201 3.10, 11.04), 25-29 age group (AOR = 6.41, 95% CI; 3.34, 12.32), 30-34 age group (AOR = 9.48, 95% CI: 4.71, 19.06), 35-39 age group (AOR = 9.88, 95% CI: 4.79, 20.39), 40-44 age group (AOR = 11.10, 95% CI: 5.16, 23.89), and 45-49, (AOR = 14.15, 95% CI: 6.01, 32.80), early marriage (AOR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.47), witnessing inter-parental violence during childhood (AOR = 2.80, 95% CI: 2.16, 3.96), having a lot of living children (AOR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.74), having a partner who drank alcohol (AOR = 3.00, 95% CI: 2.42-3.67), decision-making autonomy of the women (AOR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62, 0.97), Poor wealth index (AOR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.18), middle wealth index (AOR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.36, 2.54) and exposure to media (AOR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.00) were all significantly associated with IPV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION This study showed that one-third of the women experienced IPV in their lifetime. The finding suggested that community based interventions and multi-sectorial collaborations are needed to reduce the IPV and its adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshale Mulatu
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
| | - Yadeta Dessie
- School of Public health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Muluemebet Abera
- Department of Population and Family Health, institute of health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Teshome L, Adugna H, Deribe L. Health providers readiness in managing intimate partner violence in public health institutions, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295494. [PMID: 38134007 PMCID: PMC10745191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a worldwide public health problem and major human and legal rights abuses of women. It affects the physical, sexual, and psychological aspects of the victims therefore, it requires complex and multifaceted interventions. Health providers are responsible for providing essential healthcare services for IPV victims. However, there is a lack of detailed information on whether or not health providers are ready to identify and manage IPV. Therefore, this study aimed to assess health providers' readiness and associated factors in managing IPV in public health institutions at Hawassa, Ethiopia. METHOD Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted through a simple random sample of 424 health providers. Data was collected with an anonymous questioners using physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS) tool. Linear regression analysis was used to examine relationships among variables. The strength of association was assessed by using unstandardized β with 95% CI. RESULTS The mean score of perceived provider's readiness in managing IPV was 26.18± 6.69. Higher providers age and providers perceived knowledge had positive association with provider perceived readiness in managing IPV. Whereas not had IPV training, absence of a protocol for dealing with IPV management, and provider attitude had a negative association with provider perceived readiness in managing IPV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION This study reviled that health providers had limited perceived readiness to manage IPV. Provision of training for providers and develop protocol for IPV managements have an important role to improve providers readiness in the managements of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya Teshome
- Midwifery Department, Hawassa Health Science College, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Haweni Adugna
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Leul Deribe
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Melaku G, Belay Getahun S, Abebe M, Shumye S, Semagn S. The Association Between Domestic Violence and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women Seeking Antenatal Care at Public Hospitals in Gedeo Zone: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:1833-1843. [PMID: 37404958 PMCID: PMC10317523 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s419473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Domestic violence is any harmful behavior by an intimate partner, such as physical, sexual, or psychological abuse. In Ethiopia, domestic violence is a serious and widespread problem. It affects two-thirds (64.6%) of pregnant women and increases the risk of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Domestic violence during pregnancy is a growing public health problem that may contribute to maternal and perinatal mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aims to assess the association between domestic violence during pregnancy and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Gedeo Zone Public Hospitals, Southern Ethiopia. Material and Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study on 142 pregnant women in their third trimester who attended public health institutions in Gedeo Zone for antenatal care. We compared 47 women who were exposed to domestic violence with 95 who were not and followed them until 24 hours after delivery or drop-out. We used SPSS version-24 to analyze data and logistic regression to examine the association between domestic violence and pregnancy outcomes. We reported the results using an adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and P-value. Results Out of 142 women, who completed the follow-up, 47 were exposed to domestic violence and 95 were not. We found a strong link between domestic violence and preterm birth. Women exposed to domestic violence had a four-fold higher risk of preterm birth (AOR= 4.392, 95% CI: 1.117, 6.588) than those who were not. They also had a 2.5-fold higher risk of perinatal death (AOR= 2.562, 95% CI: 1.041, 6.308). Conclusion Domestic violence during pregnancy affects many pregnant women in southern Ethiopia and harms their babies. It leads to preterm birth and perinatal death, which can be prevented. The Ethiopian government and other stakeholders need to protect pregnant women from intimate partner violence urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getnet Melaku
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Senait Belay Getahun
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Abebe
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Seid Shumye
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Selamawit Semagn
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
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Demeke MG, Shibeshi ET. Intimate partner violence against women of reproductive age and associated factors during COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ethiopia, 2021: A community-based cross-sectional study. Front Glob Womens Health 2023; 3:977153. [PMID: 36825216 PMCID: PMC9941189 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.977153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health concern that affects more than one-third of all women globally. Assessing the prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in various localities is crucial for intervention actions. So far, a few studies have been done in Ethiopia during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Objective This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intimate partner violence in women of reproductive age and associated factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Debre Berhan town, Ethiopia, 2021. Methodology A community-based cross-sectional study was done. A total of 809 ever-partnered women of reproductive age were selected randomly via a multistage sampling method. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with the resulting 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to verify the strength of associations. Significant associations were declared at p-values <0.05. Result Among the 796 women who successfully participated in the study, 337 (42.3%) experienced at least one type of intimate partner violence. Prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual violence was 35.3% (281), 15.3% (122), and 15.2% (121), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that women with no formal education [AOR (95% CI): 3.66 (1.91-6.98)], having no own income [AOR (95% CI): 1.78 (1.24-2.56)], and attitude of IPV were acceptable [AOR (95% CI): 4.02 (1.33-12.14)]; a male partner with no formal education [AOR (95% CI): 3.06 (1.53-6.14)], with "level of religious beliefs" [weak-AOR (95% CI): 4.17 (1.45-12.03); and medium-AOR (95% CI): 1.64 (1.13-2.39)], who is alcoholic [AOR (95% CI): 5.91 (4.03-8.67)], and with smoking habits [AOR (95% CI): 2.04 (1.10-3.77)] and >5 [AOR (95% CI): 1.83 (1.01-3.39)] was significantly associated with the presence of intimate partner violence. Conclusion and recommendation This study revealed a high prevalence of IPV in the study participants. The high intimate partner violence prevalence was due to multiple factors, thus demanding empowering women and tailored health education for male partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekasha Getnet Demeke
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Mekasha Getnet Demeke
| | - Ehtemariam Tefera Shibeshi
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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Intimate Partner Violence and Its Predictors among Pregnant Women in Eastern Ethiopia: Generalized Structural Equation Modeling. Int J Reprod Med 2022; 2022:7827234. [PMID: 36035446 PMCID: PMC9410972 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7827234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Intimate partner violence (IPV) has a negative impact on women’s physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health. Identifying the determinant factors of IPV among pregnant women is of paramount importance to overcome its negative consequences thereby increasing the performance of women in all activities. Thus, this study applied a generalized structural equation model (GSEM) to determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence among pregnant women and its predictors in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS), Eastern Ethiopia. Data were collected form a sample of 1051 pregnant women using structured questionnaires. Descript findings were presented in percentage with 95% confidence interval. The generalized structural equation model was used to determine factors associated with each domain of IPV (physical, emotional, and social violence). Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% CI were used to declare significant factors associated with intimate partner violence. Results. The overall prevalence of IPV in the Eastern Ethiopia was 48.57% (95% CI: 45.45, 51.69). The highest intimate partner violence was observed in the sexual domain of IPV (31.6%, 95% CI: (28.8, 34.58)). In GSEM, being a farmer (
, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.91) was significantly associated with psychological domain of IPV. Age (
, 95% CI: 0.95, 0.99) and educational status (neither read nor write) (
, 95% CI: 1.61, 3.89) were significantly associated with physical domain of IPV. Being in medium (
, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.90) and rich (
, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.78), wealth quintiles were significantly associated with sexual domain of IPV, whereas husband controlling behavior was significantly associated with all domains of IPV. Conclusions. The magnitude of IPV among pregnant women was relatively high in Eastern Ethiopia. This finding pin a light to pay special consideration to pregnant women at each point of service delivery to alleviate consequence of IPV. Being a farmer, older ages and being in higher wealth quintiles were protective factor, whereas being uneducated increase the risk of IPV. Improving socioeconomic status and promoting legal rights of women is needed to alleviate the problem, and younger women require special attention.
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Kebede AA, Aklil MB, Gessesse DN, Tsega NT, Temesgan WZ, Abegaz MY, Anteneh TA, Tibebu NS, Alemu HN, Haile TT, Seyoum AT, Tiguh AE, Yismaw AE, Nenko G, Wondie KY, Taye BT, Mihret MS. Nearly Half of Women Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy in Northwest Ethiopia, 2021; The Role of Social Support and Decision-Making Power. Front Public Health 2022; 10:904792. [PMID: 35844863 PMCID: PMC9280332 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.904792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In developing countries, intimate partner violence is increasing alarmingly, though attention to this issue is rarely given. It has devastating effects on the general wellbeing of women, pregnancy outcomes, and the long-term health of children, and this needs to be addressed. Hence, this study was designed to assess intimate partner violence and associated factors in northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 1st to August 30th, 2021, among 858 postpartum women in Gondar city. A cluster sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. EPI DATA version 4.6 and SPSS 25 were used for data entry, cleaning and analysis, respectively. A bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with intimate partner violence. The level of significant association was declared using the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) and a p-value of ≤ 0.05. Results In this study, 48.6% of women indicated having experienced intimate partner violence during pregnancy (95% CI: 45.3, 51.7). The odds of intimate partner violence during pregnancy were significantly higher among women who were not able to read and write (AOR = 4.96; 95% CI: 2.15, 11.41), were private workers (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.05, 3.02), and had low decision-making power (AOR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.95), a poor social support (AOR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.32, 3.02), and unsupported pregnancy by family (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.26, 4.24). Whereas a family size of ≥ 5 (AOR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.98) appeared to be a protective factor for intimate partner violence. Conclusion The magnitude of intimate partner violence was unacceptably high in the study area and connected to poor women's empowerment and social determinants of health. Thus, it is important to focus on interventions that improve women's access to social support and allow them to participate in all aspects of household decision-making through community-based structures and networks. It is also important to encourage women to improve their educational status and arrange risk-free employment opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmeraw Ambachew Kebede
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mastewal Belayneh Aklil
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Mastewal Belayneh Aklil
| | - Dereje Nibret Gessesse
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Nuhamin Tesfa Tsega
- Department of Women's and Family Health, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wubedle Zelalem Temesgan
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Marta Yimam Abegaz
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tazeb Alemu Anteneh
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Nebiyu Solomon Tibebu
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Haymanot Nigatu Alemu
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tsion Tadesse Haile
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Asmra Tesfahun Seyoum
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Agumas Eskezia Tiguh
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenew Engida Yismaw
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Goshu Nenko
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kindu Yinges Wondie
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Birhan Tsegaw Taye
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Asrat Woldeyes Health Science Campus, Debre Berhan University, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
| | - Muhabaw Shumye Mihret
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Getinet W, Azale T, Getie E, Salelaw E, Amare T, Demilew D, Lemma A, Kibret D, Aklilu A, Tensae T, Srahbzu M, Shumet S. Intimate partner violence among reproductive-age women in central Gondar zone, Northwest, Ethiopia: a population-based study. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:109. [PMID: 35397559 PMCID: PMC8994176 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against women is the most widespread kind of human rights violation, and it has been linked to a wide range of consequences. The most prominent psychosocial and mental health concern that has serious effects for women's physical and mental well-being. This study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of women's violence by intimate partner among women in the reproductive age group (15-49). METHODS Multistage community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among reproductive age group women in the central Gondar zone. We recruited 845 participants and interviewed by health extension workers using face-to-face interviews. We used a Women's Abuse Screening test to outcome variable; it has a total score ranges 0-16, a score > 1 indicates positive for the presence of intimate partner violence within a year. Variables were coded and entered to Epi data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analysis was run for data analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with a 95% confidence level (CI) were declared significant. RESULT Among a total of 845 participants 804 responded to the interviews with a response rate of 95%. The prevalence rate of intimate partner violence is 391(48.6%). From multivariate logistic regression analysis women being married [AOR:3.85; 95% CI (2.38, 6.22)], high school and above educational status [(AOR: 0.43; 95% CI (0.30, 0.61), women's having > 3children [(AOR: 1.82, 95% CI (1.0, 3.1)], having a household food insecurity[(AOR: 2.09, 95% CI (1.51, 2.91)], having life threatening events [(AOR: 2.09; 95% CI (1.51, 2.91)], moderate social support [(AOR: 0.60; 95% CI (0.41, 0.83)], depression [(AOR: 3.12; 95% CI (1.60, 6.07) were significantly associated with violence by intimate partner at 95% CI . CONCLUSION Intimate partner violence is common among reproductive-age women. Married, women with several children, food insecurity, life-threatening events, and depression were all found to be significant predictors of violence. Measures should be taken to raise community awareness, particularly among intimate partners, their families, and government officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondale Getinet
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Telake Azale
- Institute of Public Health College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Eskedar Getie
- Institute of Public Health College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Endalamaw Salelaw
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Amare
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Demeke Demilew
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Lemma
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Destaw Kibret
- Central Gondar Zonal Health Office, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abayneh Aklilu
- School of Midwifery College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Techalo Tensae
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mengesha Srahbzu
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Shegaye Shumet
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Kebede SA, Weldesenbet AB, Tusa BS. Magnitude and determinants of intimate partner violence against women in East Africa: multilevel analysis of recent demographic and health survey. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:74. [PMID: 35300675 PMCID: PMC8928594 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against women is a significant public health problem, and human rights abuse, and is associated with multiple adverse physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health effects. The current study aimed to determine the magnitude of intimate partner violence (IPV) and its determinant factors in East African countries. METHODS We utilized the most recent demographic and health survey data from 11 East African countries, which was comprised of a weighted sample of 55,501 ever-married women. A multilevel multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied. We used an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% CI and a p value ≤ 0.05 in the multilevel logistic model to declare significant factors associated with IPV. RESULTS The overall prevalence of all forms of IPV in East African countries was 32.66% [95% CI 32.27, 33.05], with the highest IPV occurring in Uganda (14.93%) and the lowest IPV recorded in Comoros (0.87%). In the multivariable multilevel logistic regression model, women's education, residence, sex of household head, current pregnancy, husband drinking alcohol, attitude towards wife-beating husband controlling behavior, and women's decision-making autonomy were significantly associated with IPV. CONCLUSION The risk factors noted above increase the likelihood of a woman experiencing IPV. Therefore, we recommend establishing effective health and legal response services for IPV, raising awareness of the existing legislation service and improving its application, strengthening legislations on purchasing and selling of alcohol, strengthening joint (both husband and wife) decision-making power by empowering women, improving the educational level of women, and establishing measures to break the culture of societal tolerance towards IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewnet Adem Kebede
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | - Biruk Shalmeno Tusa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
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Atsbaha M, Alemayehu M, Mekango DE, Moges S, Ejajo T, Erkalo D, Tamrat H. Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending health care facilities, Northern Ethiopia: comparative cross-sectional study. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2022; 42:1155-1162. [PMID: 35142250 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2026900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health problem. While it is high among pregnant women in Ethiopia, the cases are under-reported, and the true extent of the issue is uncertain. The study is intended to determine the prevalence and determinants of IPV among pregnant women seeking antenatal care (ANC). A comparative cross-sectional survey was conducted in healthcare facilities, Northern Ethiopia, in 2019. A sample of 324 pregnant women visiting ANC service was selected by systematic sampling. Binary logistic regression was conducted to identify significant determinants. The prevalence of IPV during pregnancy was 36.3%. Lack of formal schooling, rural life, husband's additional sexual partners, lack of shared decisions, and partners' alcohol intake were identified as a predictor of IPV. It is important to consider raising awareness, enhancing women's decision-making abilities, and educating women. Furthermore, partner involvement should be addressed to minimize violence against women in the community.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Intimate partner abuse (IPV) is a global public health problem as well as a significant violation of human rights, and Ethiopia has the world's highest rates of physical and sexual IPV. The immediate effect of IPV during pregnancy (sexually transmitted infections (STI), intrauterine growth retardations (IUGR), preterm labour, miscarriage, abortion, antepartum haemorrhage, perinatal death) was known.What do the results of this study add? Even though the outcome of IPV among pregnant women was recognised, the underlying factors of the violence were not well understood. As a result, this research will contribute to our understanding of the determinants of IPV among pregnant women.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? In this research, we revealed that the majority of the determinants of IPV among pregnant women were linked to their husband's behaviour, and that women's decision-making capacity and educational level were also root causes of the violence. Therefore, Women empowerment and partner participation during antenatal care would offer outstanding feedback to reduce partner violence. Aside from that, more research in family health would provide in-depth knowledge about the root cause of the violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mussie Alemayehu
- College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Dejene Ermias Mekango
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Moges
- Department of Health Extension, Hosanna Health Science College, Hosanna, Ethiopia
| | - Tekle Ejajo
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia
| | - Desta Erkalo
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Tamrat
- School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia
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12
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Gebreslasie KZ, Weldemariam S, Gebre G, Mehari MA. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and risk of still birth in hospitals of Tigray region Ethiopia. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:107. [PMID: 32718326 PMCID: PMC7385947 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-00857-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy may represent a time of exceptional vulnerability to intimate partner violence because of changes in women's conditions. Despite the fact that intimate partner violence during pregnancy confers considerable risk to the health of the woman and her fetus, data regarding to association of stillbirth and intimate partner violence is lacking in Tigray region. The objective of this study is to assess intimate partner violence during pregnancy and its association with still birth among postpartum mothers in hospitals in Tigray Region of Ethiopia. METHODS Cross-sectional study design was used to assess 648 women about intimate partner violence during pregnancy and its association with still birth. Simple random sampling technique was employed to select health facilities and systematic sampling was used to select the study participants. Data was entered by using Epi info version 3.5.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression analysis was done to assess the association between exposure to intimate partner violence during pregnancy and stillbirth while adjusting for possible confounders. RESULTS The prevalence of still birth was 3.6%in this study population. There was a statistically significant association between exposure to intimate partner violence during pregnancy and still birth. Pregnant women who were exposed to intimate partner violence during pregnancy were three times more likely to have still birth 3.3(95% CI: 1.1-9.7) as compared to those who were not exposed. Another important factor associated with stillbirth was low birthweight 16.7(95% CI,6-46). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of still birth in this study was high. Women who subjected to intimate partner violence during pregnancy had greater risk of having stillbirth baby.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gelawdiyos Gebre
- Mekelle University, College of Health Science, Mek'ele, Ethiopia
| | - Mihret-Ab Mehari
- Mekelle University, College of Health Science, Mek'ele, Ethiopia
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