RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation of Synthesized Codrug in Combination with Indomethacin, Paracetamol, and Famotidine

Method Development for Simultaneously Determining Indomethacin and Nicotinamide in New Combination in Oral Dosage Formulations and Co-Amorphous Systems Using Three UV Spectrophotometric Techniques

This research aims to develop methods for simultaneously determining indomethacin (IND) and nicotinamide (NCT) in binary mixtures, immediate-release capsules, sustained-release capsules, and co-amorphous systems, which were designed in 2021 to improve the solubility, dissolution rate, and stability of the amorphous state of indomethacin. Moreover, this new combination may have also other possible medical benefits. Therefore, there is a need to have simple, sensitive, and precise developed methods for simultaneous quantification analysis of IND/NCT in several different ratios. Three UV-spectrophotometry techniques were deployed: zero-crossing point in the second-order derivative, dual-wavelength in the first-order derivative, and ratio subtraction coupled with spectrum subtraction. The limit of detection and the limit of quantifications (LOD and LOQ) for IND were 0.41 and 1.25, 0.55 and 1.66, and 0.53 and 1.62 μg/mL, respectively, while for NCT were 0.53 and 1.59, 0.38 and 1.14, and 0.36 and 1.08 μg/mL, respectively. All methods were linear at least in the range of 2.5-40.0 μg/mL. All proposed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines and their application on the dosage formulations was carried out. Finally, the proposed methods were compared to a reference method for each IND and NCT, and no significant statistical variance was found.

Significance of Chromatographic Techniques in Pharmaceutical Analysis

This work presents an overview of the modern approaches embracing advanced equipment and validation parameters of both liquid and gas chromatography techniques, including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column liquid chromatography (CLC), and gas chromatography (GC), suitable for the identification and quantitative determination of various bioactive compounds occurring in pharmaceutical products and medicinal plants in the time from 2020 to 2021 (November). This review confirmed that HPLC is an incredibly universal tool, especially when combined with different detectors, such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and fluorescence detection for numerous active ingredients in different pharmaceutical formulations without interferences from other excipients. TLC, in combination with densitometry, is a very efficient tool for the determination of biologically active substances present in pharmaceutical preparations. In addition, TLC coupled to densitometry and mass spectrometry could be suitable for preliminary screening and determination of the biological activity (e.g., antioxidant properties, thin layer chromatography (TLC) by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method) of plant materials. Gas chromatography, coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS), is of particular importance in the testing of any volatile substances, such as essential oils. LC, coupled to NMR and MS, is the best solution for identifying and studying the structure of unknown components from plant extracts, as well as degradation products (DPs). Thanks to size-exclusion chromatography, coupled to multi-angle light scattering, the quality control of biological pharmaceuticals is possible.

Design of multicomponent indomethacin-paracetamol and famotidine loaded nanoparticles for sustained and effective anti-inflammatory therapy

Indomethacin is one of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that are widely prescribed drug for pain and inflammation. However, its notoriety of causing gastrointestinal effect, low water solubility, and its short half-life would affect patient compliance and its oral absorption and accordingly justify the need to develop a formula with a controlled and sustained release manner in combination with anti-ulcer drugs. Herein, we synthesized indomethacin-paracetamol co-drug loaded in nanoemulsion and encapsulated in famotiditine loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles. The synthesis of the co-drug was achieved by the formation of a hydrolyzable ester between the indomethacin and paracetamol. The synthesized co-drug was preloading in nanoemulsion (Co-NE), which encapsulated into famotidine PCL nanoparticles utilizing the nanoprecipitation approach. The developed nanosystem showed hydrodynamic size less than 200 nm and the zeta potential value above -30 mV. TEM images confirmed the morphological structure of the formed nanoemulsion and the loaded PCL nanoparticles. Stability studies revealed that the developed nanosystem was stable at different temperatures and pHs over 1 month. Moreover, improvement of the solubilities of these three drugs leading to have a controlled-release multicomponent system of both co-drug and famotidine over 3 days. This multicomponent nanoparticle might be a potential platform to overcome the obstacles of NSAIDs, synergize drugs with different mechanisms of actions by co-encapsulating a small-sized nanoemulsion into PCL nanoparticles for reaching the goal of effective anti-inflammatory therapy.