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Gomez-Muñoz L, Dominguez-Bendala J, Pastori RL, Vives-Pi M. Immunometabolic biomarkers for partial remission in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:151-163. [PMID: 37949732 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Shortly after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and initiation of insulin therapy, many patients experience a transient partial remission (PR) phase, also known as the honeymoon phase. This phase presents a potential therapeutic opportunity due to its association with immunoregulatory and β cell-protective mechanisms. However, the lack of biomarkers makes its characterization difficult. In this review, we cover the current literature addressing the discovery of new predictive and monitoring biomarkers that contribute to the understanding of the metabolic, epigenetic, and immunological mechanisms underlying PR. We further discuss how these peripheral biomarkers reflect attempts to arrest β cell autoimmunity and how these can be applied in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gomez-Muñoz
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Juan Dominguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ricardo L Pastori
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain; Ahead Therapeutics SL, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ozen G, Iafusco D. Teplizumab: Is It a Milestone for Type 1 Diabetes or a Risk Factor for Other Autoimmune Diseases in the Long Term? Clin Diabetes 2023; 42:314-315. [PMID: 38666196 PMCID: PMC11040010 DOI: 10.2337/cd23-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Gulsum Ozen
- Regional Centre for Pediatric Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Iafusco
- Regional Centre for Pediatric Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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Sokołowska-Gadoux M, Jarosz-Chobot P, Polanska J, Kalemba A, Chobot A. Body mass index and partial remission in 119 children with type 1 diabetes-a 6-year observational study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1257758. [PMID: 37780631 PMCID: PMC10538636 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1257758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective This long-term study aimed to analyze the associations between BMI Z-score, HbA1c, and daily insulin requirement (DIR) and the prevalence and duration of partial remission (PR) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods After retrieving retrospective data for 195 patients from their health records at 24, 48, and 72 months after T1D diagnosis, the study group was comprised of 119 (57 girls) children with a complete dataset for all 6 years. PR was defined according to the ISPAD guidelines. Analyses were carried out in the whole group and subgroups according to PR duration: no PR at all (NPR), PR lasting less than 2 years (PR < 2), and PR at least 2 years (PR ≥ 2). Results PR was observed in 63% of the patients (78.9% of overweight and 100% of obese patients). NPR patients showed the lowest mean initial BMI Z-score [-0.65 ± 1.29 vs. 0.02 ± 1.42, (PR < 2), p = 0.01 and vs. 0.64 ± 1.43 (PR ≥ 2), p = 0.17]. The dissimilarity in BMI across patients declined over time. Within the NPR group, the initial mean BMI Z-score significantly increased within the first 2 years (unadjusted p < 0.001) and remained constant afterward. In the PR <2 group, the highest increase in BMI Z-score occurred after 4 years (p < 0.001) and then decreased (p = 0.04). In the PR ≥2, the BMI Z-score slightly decreased within the first 2 years (p = 0.02), then increased (p = 0.03) and remained unchanged for the last 2 years. Six years after T1D started, the mean DIRs do not differ among the patient groups (ANOVA p = 0.272). Conclusion During 6 years of follow-up, PR occurred in almost two-thirds of the studied children including almost all overweight and obese children. We observed a gradual normalization of the BMI Z-score at the end of the follow-up. BMI Z-score increased slightly in children with no remission initially but remained later constant until the end of observation. In both remitter groups, the increase in BMI Z-score appeared later when the protective honeymoon period ended. Regardless of BMI Z-score, the β-cell destruction process progresses, and after 6 years, the DIR is similar for all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sokołowska-Gadoux
- Department of Children’s Diabetology and Pediatrics, John Paul II Upper Silesian Child Health Centre, Katowice, Poland
| | - Przemysława Jarosz-Chobot
- Department of Children’s Diabetology and Pediatrics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Polanska
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Alicja Kalemba
- Department of Children’s Diabetology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata Chobot
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Opole University, Opole, Poland
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Trovato CM, Montuori M, Leter B, Laudadio I, Russo G, Oliva S. Role of age in dynamics of autoantibodies in pediatric Celiac disease. Ital J Pediatr 2023; 49:38. [PMID: 36959611 PMCID: PMC10037870 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-023-01435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is characterized by elevated serum titers of autoantibodies IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase 2 (TGA-IgA) and IgA anti-endomysial (EMA), with small bowel mucosa atrophy. We evaluated age differences between CD children exhibiting variable antibody titers at diagnosis. METHODS CD children diagnosed between January 2014 and June 2019, according to 2012 ESPGHAN guidelines were studied. All had EMA and TGA-IgA measurements, while a proportion of them underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Patients were grouped based on serum TGA-IgA titers normalized to the upper limit of normal (ULN) and differences in median age (years) assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and creation of orthogonal contrasts. RESULTS CD was diagnosed in 295 subjects (median age: 4.4 [IQR: 2.60-8.52]) with a biopsy sparing protocol (high titer: ≥ 10xULN) and in 204 by EGD biopsy. Of the latter, 142 (median age: 8.5 [IQR: 5.81-11.06]) and 62 (median age: 9.5 [IQR: 6.26-12.76]) had a low (< 5xULN) and a moderate (≥ 5 < 10xULN) TGA-IgA titer, respectively. Potential CD was diagnosed in 20 patients (median age: 3.6 [IQR: 2.47-6.91]). The median age was significantly lower in the no-biopsy group (ANOVA: F(3, 516) = 25.98, p < .001) than in low- and moderate titer groups (p < 0.0001), while there was no statistical difference between biopsy-sparing and potential CD groups. CONCLUSION CD patients with greatly elevated antibody titers (≥ 10xULN) were diagnosed at an earlier age than those with lower titers. This may indicate that an increase in TGA-IgA is independent of age and suggests a polarization of autoimmunity in younger individuals with higher serum antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maria Trovato
- Gastroenterology and Nutritional Rehabilitation Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Montuori
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Maternal and Child Health Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Leter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Laudadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giusy Russo
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Maternal and Child Health Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oliva
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Maternal and Child Health Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Klatka M, Rysz I, Hymos A, Polak A, Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Smolak K, Grywalska E. Effect of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection on Selected Immunological Parameters in Children with Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032392. [PMID: 36768715 PMCID: PMC9917181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders with different etiologies, pathogeneses and clinical pictures, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to abnormal insulin secretion or action. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents, accounting for about 90% of diabetes in the population under the age of 18. The etiopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes is multifactorial. The disease occurs as a result of the interaction of three factors: genetic predisposition, environmental factors and the immune response. Research in recent years has focused on the involvement of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes. The goals of treating type 1 diabetes include maintaining blood-glucose, fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels; therefore, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of EBV infection on the activation of selected immune cells, fructosamine levels and HbA1c levels in children with type I diabetes. Based on our study, we found a lower percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes with expression of the CD69 molecule in patients with anti-VCA antibodies in the IgG class, and a lower percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes with expression of the CD25+ molecule in patients with anti-EBNA-1 antibodies in the IgG class, which may indicate limited control of the immune system during EBV infection in patients. There was a lower percentage of CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes secreting IL-4 in the study group, indicating that a deficiency in IL-4 production may be related to the development of type 1 diabetes. There was an increase in the percentage of CD4+CD3+IL-10 lymphocytes in the study group with anti-VCA antibodies present in the IgG class and anti-EBNA-1 antibodies in the IgG class compared to the patients without antibodies. In addition, there was a significant increase in fructosamine levels and higher glycated hemoglobin levels in the study group with antibodies to EBV antigens. In addition, an increase in the percentage of T lymphocytes with a CD4+CD3+IL-17+ phenotype in the patients with anti-VCA IgG antibodies was confirmed, and higher HbA1c levels may suggest that EBV infection is accompanied by an increase in IL-17 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Klatka
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Rysz
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Hymos
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Polak
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Konrad Smolak
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Boutsen L, Costenoble E, Pollé O, Erdem K, Bugli C, Lysy PA. Influence of the occurrence and duration of partial remission on short-term metabolic control in type 1 diabetes: the DIABHONEY pediatric study. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2023; 14:20420188221145550. [PMID: 36699944 PMCID: PMC9869204 DOI: 10.1177/20420188221145550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the residual effect of partial remission (PR) on immediate post-PR glycemic control according to its occurrence and duration in a cohort of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS Values of glycemic control parameters [i.e. HbA1C, insulin dose-adjusted hemoglobin A1C (IDAA1C), glycemic target-adjusted HbA1C (GTAA1C)] and data from glucose monitoring devices from 189 pediatric patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes were collected retrospectively from 24 months. Patients were characterized according to their remission status (PR+ and PR-). PR+ patients were subdivided into three subgroups regarding PR duration [i.e. short (⩾3-⩽6 months), intermediate (>6-⩽12 months), and long PR (>12-⩽14 months)]. We compared glycemic control data from each PR+ subgroup at +6 and +12 months post-PR with PR- patients at the same postdiagnosis time. Second, PR+ subgroups were compared with each other. RESULTS PR+ patients showed improved glycemic control (i.e. HbA1C, IDAA1C, and GTAA1C) at + 6 months post-PR when compared with nonremitters (PR-), independently of the PR duration subgroups (p < 0.05). Interestingly, patients in long PR+ subgroup exhibited higher positive residual effect than short PR+ subgroup with lower GTAA1C scores (p = 0.02), better time in range (TIR) (p = 0.003), less time in hypoglycemia (10.45 versus 16.13%, p = 0.03) and less glycemic variability (83.1 mg/dl versus 98.84 mg/dl, p = 0.03). No significant differences were found for glucose control between PR+ and PR- patients at +12 months post-PR. CONCLUSION This study supports the positive impact of PR occurrence and duration on short-term metabolic control (better HbA1C levels, IDAA1C and GTAA1C scores, TIR, and less glycemic variability) with the residual effect increasing according to PR duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kezban Erdem
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Céline Bugli
- Pôle Epidémiologie et Biostatistique, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Petrelli A, Atkinson MA, Pietropaolo M, Giannoukakis N. Modulation of Leukocytes of the Innate Arm of the Immune System as a Potential Approach to Prevent the Onset and Progression of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:313-322. [PMID: 33472941 PMCID: PMC7881863 DOI: 10.2337/dbi20-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by insulin deficiency resulting from the selective destruction of pancreatic β-cells by self-reactive T cells. Recent evidence demonstrates that innate immune responses substantially contribute to the pathogenesis of T1D, as they represent a first line of response to danger/damage signals. Here we discuss evidence on how, in a relapsing-remitting pattern, pancreas remodeling, diet, microbiota, gut permeability, and viral/bacterial infections induce the accumulation of leukocytes of the innate arm of the immune system throughout the pancreas. The subsequent acquisition and presentation of endocrine and exocrine antigens to the adaptive arm of the immune system results in a chronic progression of pancreatic damage. This process provides for the generation of self-reactive T-cell responses; however, the relative weight that genetic and environmental factors have on the etiopathogenesis of T1D is endotype imprinted and patient specific. With this Perspectives in Diabetes, our goal is to encourage the scientific community to rethink mechanisms underlying T1D pathogenesis and to consider therapeutic approaches that focus on these processes in intervention trials within new-onset disease as well as in efforts seeking the disorder's prevention in individuals at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Petrelli
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA
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Ahmed OM, Abd El-Twab SM, Al-Muzafar HM, Adel Amin K, Abdel Aziz SM, Abdel-Gabbar M. Musa paradisiaca L. leaf and fruit peel hydroethanolic extracts improved the lipid profile, glycemic index and oxidative stress in nicotinamide/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:500-511. [PMID: 33277985 PMCID: PMC8025632 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess antihyperlipidemic, cardiac and antioxidant effects as well as mode of actions of Musa paradisiaca (M. paradisiaca) leaf and fruit peel hydroethanolic extracts in nicotinamide (NA)/streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats. Experimental diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg body weight), 15 min after intraperitoneal injection of NA (120 mg/kg body weight). NA/STZ‐induced diabetic rats were orally supplemented with M. paradisiaca leaf and fruit peel hydroethanolic extracts in a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight/day for 28 days. The treatment of NA/STZ‐induced diabetic rats with M. paradisiaca leaf and fruit peel extracts significantly decreased the elevated fasting and post‐prandial serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL‐cholesterol and vLDL‐cholesterol levels and significantly increased the lowered serum insulin level, liver glycogen content, serum HDL‐cholesterol level, homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance (HOMA‐IS) and HOMA‐β cell function. The elevated cardiovascular risk indices in diabetic rats were significantly improved due to treatment with M. paradisiaca extracts. Concomitant with the increase in liver glycogen content, the glucose‐6‐phosphatase activity significantly decreased reflecting the decrease in hepatic glucose output. The heart function was potentially ameliorated as manifested by decrease in the elevated serum creatine kinase‐MB, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase activities after treatments of diabetic rats with M. paradisiaca extracts. The elevated liver lipid peroxidation and the decline in liver glutathione content and superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activities were significantly reversed by treatments. Thus, it can be concluded that M. paradisiaca leaf and fruit peel hydroethanolic extracts may have antihyperlipidemic and cardioprotective potentials in NA/STZ‐induced diabetic rats. These effects may be mediated via improvements in the glycemic state, β‐cell function, tissue insulin sensitivity, and antioxidant defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama M Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.,Experimental Obesity and Diabetes Research Lab, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sanaa M Abd El-Twab
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hessah M Al-Muzafar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal Adel Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah M Abdel Aziz
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Influence of Age on Partial Clinical Remission among Children with Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134801. [PMID: 32635304 PMCID: PMC7369868 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Partial clinical remission (PCR) is a transitory period characterized by the residual endogenous insulin secretion following type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis and introducing the insulin therapy. Scientific interest in PCR has been recently increasing, as this phase could be crucial to preserve functional beta cells after T1D onset, also taking advantage of new therapeutic opportunities. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency, duration and associated factors of PCR in children newly diagnosed with T1D. Our cohort study included 167 pediatric patients aged 13.8 ± 4.1 years. The association of clinical and laboratory factors with the occurrence and duration of PCR was evaluated via logistic regression and multivariable generalized linear model, respectively. PCR occurred in 63.5% of the examined patients. Patients who achieved the remission phase were significantly older, and they had lower daily insulin requirement compared with non-remitters. PCR was positively associated to body mass index (OR = 1.11; p = 0.032), pH value (OR 49.02; p = 0.003) and c-peptide levels (OR 12.8; p = 0.002). The average duration of PCR was 13.4 months, and older age at diagnosis was the only predictor factor. Two years after diagnosis remitter patients had lower HbA1c and daily insulin requirement.
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