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Khokhar M, Dey S, Tomo S, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Pandey RK. Unveiling Novel Drug Targets and Emerging Therapies for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comprehensive Review. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1664-1693. [PMID: 38898941 PMCID: PMC11184612 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic debilitating autoimmune disease, that causes joint damage, deformities, and decreased functionality. In addition, RA can also impact organs like the skin, lungs, eyes, and blood vessels. This autoimmune condition arises when the immune system erroneously targets the joint synovial membrane, resulting in synovitis, pannus formation, and cartilage damage. RA treatment is often holistic, integrating medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Its main objective is to achieve remission or low disease activity by utilizing a "treat-to-target" approach that optimizes drug usage and dose adjustments based on clinical response and disease activity markers. The primary RA treatment uses disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) that help to interrupt the inflammatory process. When there is an inadequate response, a combination of biologicals and DMARDs is recommended. Biological therapies target inflammatory pathways and have shown promising results in managing RA symptoms. Close monitoring for adverse effects and disease progression is critical to ensure optimal treatment outcomes. A deeper understanding of the pathways and mechanisms will allow new treatment strategies that minimize adverse effects and maintain quality of life. This review discusses the potential targets that can be used for designing and implementing precision medicine in RA treatment, spotlighting the latest breakthroughs in biologics, JAK inhibitors, IL-6 receptor antagonists, TNF blockers, and disease-modifying noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Khokhar
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 Rajasthan, India
| | - Sangita Dey
- CSO
Department, Cellworks Research India Pvt
Ltd, Bengaluru, 560066 Karnataka, India
| | - Sojit Tomo
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 Rajasthan, India
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health
Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core
Laboratories, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
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Gao Y, Xin D, Liang XD, Tang Y. Effect of a combination of Atractylodes macrocephala extract with strychnine on the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in MH7A cells. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:91. [PMID: 36761010 PMCID: PMC9905656 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is now widely recognized as a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by swelling, pain and stiffness, which are often disabling. Although the number of drugs available for the treatment of RA has increased in recent years, they are generally expensive, leave patients prone to relapse and can result in severe effects when discontinued. Thus, there is a need for an inexpensive drug with fewer side effects that can be adhered to relieve pain and slow down the progression of the disease. Strychnine, a traditional Chinese medicine, was often used in ancient times to treat swollen and painful joints; however, because of its somewhat toxic nature, it is often combined with Atractylodes macrocephala to reduce its toxicity for safer therapeutic action. The present study performed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis to confirm whether the use of strychnine with Atractylodes macrocephala had the effect of reducing strychnine content. MH7A cells were induced using IL-1β to study the effect of strychnine with Atractylodes macrocephala on the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB/NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) pathway in order to verify its role in the treatment of RA. The results indicated that the combined application of HPLC-MS/MS strychnine and Atractylodes macrocephala had a reducing effect on the strychnine content. From the subsequent experimental results, it can be inferred that Strychnine combined with Atractylodes macrocephala extract could promote the apoptosis of synovial cells, and could inhibit the expression levels of TLR4, NF-κB and NLRP3 in the cells as well as reducing the MH7A-positive cells. The expression levels of TLR4, IκB kinase β, NF-κB and NLRP3 were significantly reduced after treatment with each administration group, resulting in a decrease in the phosphorylation levels of TLR4 and NF-κB, indicating that the combination potently inhibited their phosphorylation. The combination of strychnine and atractylenolide II was also revealed to be the main active ingredient in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xin
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Xiao-Dong Liang or Professor Yingxue Tang, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 University Road, Changqing, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Yingxue Tang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Xiao-Dong Liang or Professor Yingxue Tang, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 University Road, Changqing, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
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Yang C, Li D, Zang S, Zhang L, Zhong Z, Zhou Y. Mechanisms of carcinogenic activity triggered by lysine-specific demethylase 1A. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:955218. [PMID: 36059955 PMCID: PMC9428822 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.955218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics has emerged as a prime focus area in the field of cancer research. Lysine-specific demethylase 1A (LSD1), the first discovered histone demethylase, is mainly responsible for catalysing demethylation of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) and H3K9 to activate or inhibit gene transcription. LSD1 is abnormally expressed in various cancers and participates in cancer proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, invasion, drug resistance and other processes by interacting with regulatory factors. Therefore, it may serve as a potential therapeutic target for cancer. This review summarises the major oncogenic mechanisms mediated by LSD1 and provides a reference for developing novel and efficient anticancer strategies targeting LSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation and Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resource, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaohong Zang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation and Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Zhangfeng Zhong, ; Yingtang Zhou,
| | - Yingtang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation and Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhangfeng Zhong, ; Yingtang Zhou,
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Zhang J, Zhu J, Zheng G, Wang Q, Li X, Feng Y, Shang F, He S, Jiang Q, Shi B, Wang D, Cao Z, Wang J. Co-Expression of miR155 or LSD1 shRNA Increases the Anti-Tumor Functions of CD19 CAR-T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:811364. [PMID: 35046962 PMCID: PMC8761951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.811364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting CD19 antigen have produced remarkable clinical outcomes for cancer patients. However, identifying measures to enhance effector function remains one of the most challenging issues in CD19-targeted immunotherapy. Here, we report a novel approach in which a microRNA (miRNA) or short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) cassette was integrated into CAR-expressing retroviral vectors. Using this system, we generated anti-CD19 CAR-T cells co-expressing miR155 or LSD1 shRNA and found that anti-CD19 CAR-T cells with miR155 upregulation or LSD1 downregulation exhibited increased anti-tumor functions in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptional profiling analysis by RNA sequencing revealed the targets of miR155 and LSD1 in anti-CD19 CAR-T cells. Our experiments indicated that introduction of miRNA or shRNA expression into anti-CD19 CAR T-cells might be an effective strategy to improve the anti-tumor effects of CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Genhui Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianyu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaru Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi He
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyao Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjie Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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Huang J, Fu X, Chen X, Li Z, Huang Y, Liang C. Promising Therapeutic Targets for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686155. [PMID: 34305919 PMCID: PMC8299711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic poly-articular chronic autoimmune joint disease that mainly damages the hands and feet, which affects 0.5% to 1.0% of the population worldwide. With the sustained development of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), significant success has been achieved for preventing and relieving disease activity in RA patients. Unfortunately, some patients still show limited response to DMARDs, which puts forward new requirements for special targets and novel therapies. Understanding the pathogenetic roles of the various molecules in RA could facilitate discovery of potential therapeutic targets and approaches. In this review, both existing and emerging targets, including the proteins, small molecular metabolites, and epigenetic regulators related to RA, are discussed, with a focus on the mechanisms that result in inflammation and the development of new drugs for blocking the various modulators in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuekun Fu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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