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Wang J, Cheung SW, Bian S, Wang X, Liu L, Cho P. Anisomyopia and orthokeratology for myopia control - Axial elongation and relative peripheral refraction. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2024; 44:1261-1269. [PMID: 38989808 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate axial elongation (AE) and changes in relative peripheral refraction (RPR) in anisomyopic children undergoing orthokeratology (ortho-k). METHODS Bilateral anisomyopic children, 7-12 years of age, were treated with ortho-k. Axial length (AL) and RPR, from 30° nasal (N30°) to 30° temporal (T30°), were measured at baseline and every 6 months over the study period. AE, changes in RPR and changes in the interocular AL difference were determined over time. RESULTS Twenty-six of the 33 subjects completed the 2-year study. The AE of the higher myopic (HM) eyes (at least 1.50 D more myopia than the other eye) (0.26 ± 0.29 mm) was significantly smaller than for the less myopic (LM) eyes (0.50 ± 0.27 mm; p = 0.003), leading to a reduction in the interocular difference in AL (p = 0.001). Baseline RPR measurements in the HM eyes were relatively more hyperopic at T30°, N20° and N30° (p ≤ 0.02) and greater myopic shifts were observed at T20° (p < 0.001), T30° (p < 0.001), N20° (p = 0.02) and N30° (p = 0.01) after lens wear. After 2 years of ortho-k lens wear, temporal-nasal asymmetry increased significantly, being more myopic at the temporal locations in both eyes (p < 0.001), while AE was associated with the change in RPR at N20° (β = 0.134, p = 0.01). The interocular difference in AE was also positively associated with the interocular difference in RPR change at N30° (β = 0.111, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Ortho-k slowed AE in bilateral anisomyopia, with slower growth in the HM eyes leading to a reduction in interocular AL differences. After ortho-k, RPR changed from hyperopia to myopia, with greater changes induced in the HM eyes, and slower AE was associated with a more myopic shift in RPR, especially in the nasal field of both eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglan Wang
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sin Wan Cheung
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siyu Bian
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- Chengdu Huashi Jingwei Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Longqian Liu
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pauline Cho
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Hu HL, Li SZC, Feng AY, Zhong HX, Mu JF, Liu MZ. Relative peripheral refraction in school children with different refractive errors using a novel multispectral refraction topographer. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:1477-1482. [PMID: 39156781 PMCID: PMC11286443 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.08.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare relative peripheral refraction (RPR) in Chinese school children with different refractive errors using multispectral refraction topography (MRT). METHODS A total of 713 eyes of primary school children [172 emmetropia (E), 429 low myopia (LM), 80 moderate myopia (MM), and 32 low hypermetropia (LH)] aged 10 to 13y were analyzed. RPRs were measured using MRT without mydriasis. MRT results showed RPR at 0-15° (RPR 0-15), 15°-30° (RPR 15-30), and 30°-45° (RPR 30-45) annular in the inferior (RPR-I), superior (RPR-S), nasal (RPR-N), and temporal (RPR-T) quadrants. Spherical equivalent (SE) was detected and calculated using an autorefractor. RESULTS There were significant differences of RPR 15-30 between groups MM [0.02 (-0.12; 0.18)] and LH [-0.13 (-0.36; 0.12)] (P<0.05), MM and E [-0.06 (-0.20; 0.10)] (P<0.05), and LM [-0.02 (-0.15; 0.15)] and E (P<0.05). There were also significant differences of RPR 30-45 between groups MM [0.45 (0.18; 0.74)] and E [0.29 (-0.09; 0.67)] (P<0.05), and LM [0.44 (0.14; 0.76)] and E (P<0.001). RPR values increased from the hyperopic to medium myopic group in each annular. There were significant differences of RPR-S between groups MM [-0.02 (-0.60; 0.30)] and E [-0.44 (-0.89; -0.04)] (P<0.001), and LM [-0.28 (-0.71; 0.12)] and E (P<0.05). There were also significant differences of RPR-T between groups MM [0.37 (0.21; 0.78)] and LH [0.14 (-0.52; 0.50)] (P<0.05), LM [0.41 (0.06; 0.84)] and LH (P<0.05), and LM and E [0.29 (-0.10; 0.68), P<0.05]. A Spearman's correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between RPR and SE in the 15°-30° (P=0.005), 30°-45° (P<0.05) annular (P=0.002), superior (P<0.001), and temporal (P=0.001) quadrants. CONCLUSION Without pupil dilation, values for RPR 15-30, 30-45, RPR-S, and T shows significant differences between myopic eyes and emmetropia, and the differences are negatively correlated with SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Hu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | | | - Ai-Ying Feng
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao-Xi Zhong
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing-Feng Mu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mei-Zhou Liu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
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Yang Y, Xue M, Hao J, Lin Z, Xi X, Wu H, Wen L, Xu Q, Luo Z, Ran G, Artal P, Lan W, Li X, Yang Z. Frequency-dependent effects of 0.05% atropine eyedrops on myopia progression and peripheral defocus: a prospective study. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 11:26. [PMID: 39085950 PMCID: PMC11293060 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-024-00395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atropine, specifically 0.05% eyedrops, has proven effective in slowing myopia progression. This study aims to investigate peripheral refraction (PR) characteristics in myopic children treated with 0.05% atropine eyedrops at different frequencies. METHODS One hundred thirty-eight myopic children completed this one-year prospective study, randomly assigned to once daily (7/7), twice per week (2/7), or once per week (1/7) groups. Spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL) were measured. PR was assessed using a custom-made Hartmann-Shack wavefront peripheral sensor, covering a visual field of horizontal 60° and vertical 36°. Relative peripheral refraction (RPR) was calculated by subtracting central from peripheral measurements. RESULTS After one year, SE increased more significantly in the 1/7 group compared to the 7/7 group (P < 0.001) and 2/7 group (P = 0.004); AL elongation was also greater in the 1/7 group compared to the 7/7 group (P < 0.001). In comparison with higher frequency groups, 1/7 group exhibited more myopic PR in the fovea and its vertical superior, inferior, and nasal retina; and less myopic RPR in the periphery retina after one-year (P < 0.05). Additionally, RPR in the 7/7 group demonstrated myopic shift across the entire retina, the 2/7 group in temporal and inferior retina, while the 1/7 group showed a hyperopic shift in the superior retina (P < 0.05). Moreover, myopic shift of RPR in the temporal retina is related to less myopia progression, notably in the 7/7 group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Atropine inhibits myopia progression in a frequency-dependent manner. The once-daily group showed the slowest myopia progression but exhibited more myopic shifts in RPR. Additionally, RPR in the temporal retina was related to myopia progression in all groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2100043506. Registered 21 February 2021, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=122214.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Yang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Minsong Xue
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Jiangdong Hao
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Zhenghua Lin
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, 410015, China
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Xiaoyun Xi
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Haoran Wu
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Longbo Wen
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Qinglin Xu
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Guangyao Ran
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Pablo Artal
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, 410015, China
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Weizhong Lan
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, 410015, China
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, 410015, China.
- School of Stomatology and Ophthalmology, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437000, China.
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, 410015, China.
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, 410015, China.
- Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha, 410015, China.
| | - Zhikuan Yang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, 410015, China.
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, 410015, China.
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, 410015, China.
- Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha, 410015, China.
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Du L, Chen J, Ding L, Wang J, Yang J, Xie H, Xu X, He X, Zhu M. Add-On Effect of 0.01% Atropine in Orthokeratology Wearers for Myopia Control in Children: A 2-Year Retrospective Study. Ophthalmol Ther 2023; 12:2557-2568. [PMID: 37405578 PMCID: PMC10442030 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthokeratology (OK) and low-concentration atropine are recommended approaches for controlling myopia. However, children with younger age and lower myopia are more likely to experience rapid axial progression during OK or atropine monotreatment. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of OK combined with low-concentration atropine for myopia control in children over 24 months and to determine whether the effect was sustainable. METHODS In this retrospective study, we reviewed medical records of baseline and follow-up visits from children (7-14 years) applying OK for myopia control. Sixty-eight children receiving monoorthokeratology treatment (OK group) and 68 children who received 0.01% atropine in combination with orthokeratology simultaneously (AOK group) were included. A series of ophthalmic tests at baseline were conducted, and axial length (AL) was measured every 6 months. The comparison of AL change at different visits between the two groups was performed by repeated measures multivariate analyses of variance (RM-MANOVA). RESULTS There were no significant differences in baseline characters between the two groups (p > 0.05). The AL significantly increased over time in both groups (all p < 0.05), and the 2-year change in AOK was 0.16 mm (36%) lower than in OK (0.28 ± 0.22 mm versus 0.44 ± 0.34 mm, p = 0.001). Compared with OK group, the significant suppression of AL elongation in the AOK group was observed in 0-6, 6-12, and 12-18 month periods (suppression rate: 62.5%, 33.3%, 38.5%, respectively, p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the 18-24 month period (p = 0.105). The multiple regression analysis showed an interaction between age and treatment effect (interaction coefficient = 0.06, p = 0.040), indicating one year age decrease approximately associated with 0.06 mm increased retardation in AL elongation in the AOK group. CONCLUSION The add-on effect of 0.01% atropine in OK wearers only occurred within 1.5 years, and younger children benefited more from the combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Du
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, No. 1440 Hongqiao Road, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, No. 1440 Hongqiao Road, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Li Ding
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, No. 1440 Hongqiao Road, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, No. 1440 Hongqiao Road, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Jinliuxing Yang
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, No. 1440 Hongqiao Road, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, No. 1440 Hongqiao Road, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, No. 1440 Hongqiao Road, Shanghai, 201103, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 85 Wujin Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiangui He
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, No. 1440 Hongqiao Road, Shanghai, 201103, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 85 Wujin Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Mengjun Zhu
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, No. 1440 Hongqiao Road, Shanghai, 201103, China.
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Chen ZR, Chen SC, Wan TY, Chuang LH, Chen HC, Yeh LK, Kuo YK, Wu PC, Chen YW, Lai IC, Hwang YS, Liu CF. Treatment of Myopia with Atropine 0.125% Once Every Night Compared with Atropine 0.125% Every Other Night: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5220. [PMID: 37629261 PMCID: PMC10456055 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of myopia treatment in children using atropine 0.125% once every two nights (QON) compared with atropine 0.125% once every night (HS). (2) Methods: This retrospective cohort study reviewed the medical records of two groups of children with myopia. Group 1 comprised children treated with atropine 0.125% QON, while group 2 included children treated with atropine 0.125% HS. The first 6 months of data of outcome measurements were subtracted as washout periods in those children undergoing both atropine QON and HS treatment. The independent t-test and Pearson's chi-square test were used to compare the baseline clinical characteristics between the two groups. A generalized estimating equations (GEE) model was used to determine the factors that influence treatment effects. (3) Results: The average baseline ages of group 1 (38 eyes from 19 patients) and group 2 (130 eyes from 65 patients) were 10.6 and 10.2 years, respectively. There were no significant differences in axial length (AL) or cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SEq) at baseline or changes of them after 16.9 months of follow-up. GEE showed that the frequency of atropine 0.125% use has no association with annual AL (QON vs. HS: 0.16 ± 0.10 vs. 0.18 ± 0.12) and SEq (QON vs. HS: -0.29 ± 0.44 vs. -0.34 ± 0.36) changes in all children with myopia. It also showed that older baseline age (B = -0.020, p < 0.001) was associated with lesser AL elongation. (4) Conclusion: The treatment effects of atropine 0.125% HS and QON were similar in this pilot study. The use of atropine 0.125% QON may be an alternative strategy for children who cannot tolerate the side effects of atropine 0.125% HS. This observation should be confirmed with further large-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Rong Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Z.-R.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (L.-H.C.); (H.-C.C.); (L.-K.Y.); (Y.-K.K.); (P.-C.W.); (Y.-W.C.); (I.-C.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
| | - Shin-Chieh Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yao Wan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Z.-R.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (L.-H.C.); (H.-C.C.); (L.-K.Y.); (Y.-K.K.); (P.-C.W.); (Y.-W.C.); (I.-C.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
| | - Lan-Hsin Chuang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Z.-R.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (L.-H.C.); (H.-C.C.); (L.-K.Y.); (Y.-K.K.); (P.-C.W.); (Y.-W.C.); (I.-C.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Z.-R.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (L.-H.C.); (H.-C.C.); (L.-K.Y.); (Y.-K.K.); (P.-C.W.); (Y.-W.C.); (I.-C.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Kun Yeh
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Z.-R.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (L.-H.C.); (H.-C.C.); (L.-K.Y.); (Y.-K.K.); (P.-C.W.); (Y.-W.C.); (I.-C.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Kuo
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Z.-R.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (L.-H.C.); (H.-C.C.); (L.-K.Y.); (Y.-K.K.); (P.-C.W.); (Y.-W.C.); (I.-C.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chang Wu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Z.-R.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (L.-H.C.); (H.-C.C.); (L.-K.Y.); (Y.-K.K.); (P.-C.W.); (Y.-W.C.); (I.-C.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Z.-R.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (L.-H.C.); (H.-C.C.); (L.-K.Y.); (Y.-K.K.); (P.-C.W.); (Y.-W.C.); (I.-C.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Chou Lai
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Z.-R.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (L.-H.C.); (H.-C.C.); (L.-K.Y.); (Y.-K.K.); (P.-C.W.); (Y.-W.C.); (I.-C.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shiou Hwang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Z.-R.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (L.-H.C.); (H.-C.C.); (L.-K.Y.); (Y.-K.K.); (P.-C.W.); (Y.-W.C.); (I.-C.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen Branch, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Chun-Fu Liu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Z.-R.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (L.-H.C.); (H.-C.C.); (L.-K.Y.); (Y.-K.K.); (P.-C.W.); (Y.-W.C.); (I.-C.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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Corneal Penetration of Low-Dose Atropine Eye Drops. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040588. [PMID: 33557281 PMCID: PMC7914535 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Major studies demonstrating the inhibition of myopia in children and juveniles by low-dose atropine eye drops provide little information on the manufacturing process and the exact composition of the atropine dilutions. However, corneal penetration might significantly vary depending on preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), and the atropine concentration. Since there is a trade-off between side effects, stability, and optimal effects of atropine on myopia, it is important to gain better knowledge about intraocular atropine concentrations. We performed an ex vivo study to determine corneal penetration for different formulations. Atropine drops (0.01%) of different formulations were obtained from pharmacies and applied to the cornea of freshly enucleated pig eyes. After 10 min, a sample of aqueous humor was taken and atropine concentrations were determined after liquid–liquid extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The variability that originated from variations in applied drop size exceeded the differences between preserved and preservative-free formulations. The atropine concentration in the anterior chamber measured after 10 min was only 3.8 × 10−8 of its concentration in the applied eye drops, corresponding to 502.4 pM. Obviously, the preservative did not facilitate corneal penetration, at least ex vivo. In the aqueous humor of children’s eyes, similar concentrations, including higher variability, may be expected in the lower therapeutic window of pharmacodynamic action.
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