Development and Validation of LC-MS/MS for Analyzing Potential Genotoxic Impurities in Pantoprazole Starting Materials

Headspace Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Determination of Class-I Residual Solvents in Several Drug Substances: Method Evaluation by Quality by Design Statistical Tool

BACKGROUND

Class-I residual solvents such as 1,1-dichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane are toxic, environmental hazards, and carcinogenic to humans. A headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometer is a sophisticated instrument for the quantification of residual solvents at lower limits.

OBJECTIVE

An exact, sensitive, reliable, and fast method was developed to determine 1,1-dichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and 1,2-dichloroethane present in different drug substances using a headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometer.

METHODS

Helium is used as a carrier gas. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is used as a diluent, and the stationary phase is a DB-624 (60 m × 0.25 mm × 1.4 μm film thickness) column with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min.

RESULTS

The concentration LODs for 1,1-dichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and 1,2-dichloroethane were 0.24, 5, 0.12, 0.06, and 0.15 ppm. The concentrations LOQs for the aforementioned impurities were 0.8, 15, 0.4, 0.2, and 0.5 ppm. The linearity was assessed over the range from LOQ to 120% of the specification level.

CONCLUSION

The current method's system suitability, precision, linearity, and accuracy parameters were assessed in accordance with the United states pharmacopeia (USP) < 1225> and International Conference on Harmonization of technical standards for the registration of medicines for human use (ICH) Q2(R2), and the results were within the acceptance criteria.

HIGHLIGHTS

No research studies have been reported on determining class-I residual solvents in lincomycin hydrochloride, dapagliflozin, vonoprazan fumarate, and telmisartan drug substances. The proposed research aims to develop a common method for the quantification of class-I residual solvents for drug substances. The quality by design (QbD) concept is utilized in performance verification.

Analytical determination of ethylenediamine impurity in tripelennamine hydrochloride by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using phthalaldehyde as the derivatizing agent

In the pharmaceutical industry, effective risk management and control strategies for potential genotoxic impurities are of paramount importance. The current study utilized GC-MS to evaluate a precise, linear, and accurate analytical method for quantifying ethylenediamine present in tripelennamine hydrochloride using phthalaldehyde as a derivatizing agent. When phthalaldehyde is sonicated for 10 min at room temperature, it reacts with ethylenediamine to form (1z,5z)-3,4-dihydrobenzo[f][1,4]diazocine. This approach minimizes matrix interference issues and resolves sample preparation difficulties encountered during ethylenediamine identification in GC-MS. In this method, helium serves as the carrier gas, while methanol acts as the diluent. The stationary phase consists of a DB-5MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The retention time of (1z,5z)-3,4-dihydrobenzo[f][1,4]diazocine was determined to be 6.215 min. The method validation demonstrated limits of detection and quantification for (1z,5z)-3,4-dihydrobenzo[f][1,4]diazocine at 0.4 and 1.0 ppm, respectively, with a linearity range spanning from 1 to 30 ppm concentration with respect to the specification level. System suitability, precision, linearity, and accuracy of the current method were assessed in accordance with guidelines, yielding results deemed suitable for the intended use.

Identification and Determination of Impurities in a New Therapeutic Agent for Fatty Liver Disease

Methyl 7,7'-dimethoxy-5'-(morpholinomethyl)-[4,4'-bibenzo[d][1,3] dioxole]-5-carboxylate methanesulfonate (IMM) is an innovative drug for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) owing to its high efficacy and low toxicity. In this study, five minor impurities (I, II, III, IV, and V) were identified and analyzed using spectroscopic evidence, chemical synthetic methods, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The impurities included hydrolysates and oxidation by-products extracted from both the drug in its final formulation and during synthesis. Toxicity prediction revealed potential carcinogenicity of impurity V containing an N-oxygen fragment. A reliable and selective HPLC method for the quantitative analysis of impurities I-IV and a sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method for potential genotoxic impurity V were developed and optimized. The methods were validated based on the International Council for Harmonization guidelines. Satisfactory linearity was obtained for the analytes over the range of 0.1-2.0 μg/mL for impurities I-IV and 0.3-30.0 ng/mL for impurity V, and in all cases, the fitting correlation coefficients exceeded 0.999. The obtained limits of detection values were 0.05 ng/mL and 0.005 μg/mL for impurity V and impurities I-IV, respectively. The precision and repeatability of the methods were less than 1.08% and 8.72% for each impurity. The recovery percentages of all impurities were in the range of 91.18%-111.27%, with the relative standard deviation of less than 3.69%. The greenness assessment of the HPLC method and the HPLC-MS/MS method were evaluated by using AGREE software with a score value of 0.72 and 0.68, respectively. The recommended procedures that were accurate, specific, and ecofriendly were applied to the existing active pharmaceutical ingredients of IMM, and they generated satisfactory results.

An Overview of Advances in the Chromatography of Drugs Impurity Profiling

A systematic literature survey published in several journals of pharmaceutical chemistry and of chromatography used to analyze impurities for most of the drugs that have been reviewed. This article covers the period from 2016 to 2020, in which almost of chromatographic techniques have been used for drug impurity analysis. These chromatography techniques are important in the analysis and description of drug impurities. Moreover, some recent developments in forced impurity profiling have been discussed, such as buffer solutions, mobile phase, columns, elution modes, and detectors are highlighted in drugs used for the study. This primarily focuses on thorough updating of different analytical methods which include hyphenated techniques for detecting and quantifying impurity and degradation levels in various pharmaceutical matrices.