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Ragan IK, Hartson LM, Dutt TS, Obregon-Henao A, Maison RM, Gordy P, Fox A, Karger BR, Cross ST, Kapuscinski ML, Cooper SK, Podell BK, Stenglein MD, Bowen RA, Henao-Tamayo M, Goodrich RP. A Whole Virion Vaccine for COVID-19 Produced via a Novel Inactivation Method and Preliminary Demonstration of Efficacy in an Animal Challenge Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040340. [PMID: 33916180 PMCID: PMC8066708 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has generated intense interest in the rapid development and evaluation of vaccine candidates for this disease and other emerging diseases. Several novel methods for preparing vaccine candidates are currently undergoing clinical evaluation in response to the urgent need to prevent the spread of COVID-19. In many cases, these methods rely on new approaches for vaccine production and immune stimulation. We report on the use of a novel method (SolaVAX) for production of an inactivated vaccine candidate and the testing of that candidate in a hamster animal model for its ability to prevent infection upon challenge with SARS-CoV-2 virus. The studies employed in this work included an evaluation of the levels of neutralizing antibody produced post-vaccination, levels of specific antibody sub-types to RBD and spike protein that were generated, evaluation of viral shedding post-challenge, flow cytometric and single cell sequencing data on cellular fractions and histopathological evaluation of tissues post-challenge. The results from this preliminary evaluation provide insight into the immunological responses occurring as a result of vaccination with the proposed vaccine candidate and the impact that adjuvant formulations, specifically developed to promote Th1 type immune responses, have on vaccine efficacy and protection against infection following challenge with live SARS-CoV-2. This data may have utility in the development of effective vaccine candidates broadly. Furthermore, the results of this preliminary evaluation suggest that preparation of a whole virion vaccine for COVID-19 using this specific photochemical method may have potential utility in the preparation of one such vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela K Ragan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (I.K.R.); (R.M.M.); (P.G.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Lindsay M Hartson
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA;
| | - Taru S Dutt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.S.D.); (A.O.-H.); (A.F.); (B.R.K.); (S.T.C.); (M.L.K.); (S.K.C.); (B.K.P.); (M.D.S.); (M.H.-T.)
| | - Andres Obregon-Henao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.S.D.); (A.O.-H.); (A.F.); (B.R.K.); (S.T.C.); (M.L.K.); (S.K.C.); (B.K.P.); (M.D.S.); (M.H.-T.)
| | - Rachel M Maison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (I.K.R.); (R.M.M.); (P.G.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Paul Gordy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (I.K.R.); (R.M.M.); (P.G.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Amy Fox
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.S.D.); (A.O.-H.); (A.F.); (B.R.K.); (S.T.C.); (M.L.K.); (S.K.C.); (B.K.P.); (M.D.S.); (M.H.-T.)
| | - Burton R Karger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.S.D.); (A.O.-H.); (A.F.); (B.R.K.); (S.T.C.); (M.L.K.); (S.K.C.); (B.K.P.); (M.D.S.); (M.H.-T.)
| | - Shaun T Cross
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.S.D.); (A.O.-H.); (A.F.); (B.R.K.); (S.T.C.); (M.L.K.); (S.K.C.); (B.K.P.); (M.D.S.); (M.H.-T.)
| | - Marylee L Kapuscinski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.S.D.); (A.O.-H.); (A.F.); (B.R.K.); (S.T.C.); (M.L.K.); (S.K.C.); (B.K.P.); (M.D.S.); (M.H.-T.)
| | - Sarah K Cooper
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.S.D.); (A.O.-H.); (A.F.); (B.R.K.); (S.T.C.); (M.L.K.); (S.K.C.); (B.K.P.); (M.D.S.); (M.H.-T.)
| | - Brendan K Podell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.S.D.); (A.O.-H.); (A.F.); (B.R.K.); (S.T.C.); (M.L.K.); (S.K.C.); (B.K.P.); (M.D.S.); (M.H.-T.)
| | - Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.S.D.); (A.O.-H.); (A.F.); (B.R.K.); (S.T.C.); (M.L.K.); (S.K.C.); (B.K.P.); (M.D.S.); (M.H.-T.)
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (I.K.R.); (R.M.M.); (P.G.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Marcela Henao-Tamayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.S.D.); (A.O.-H.); (A.F.); (B.R.K.); (S.T.C.); (M.L.K.); (S.K.C.); (B.K.P.); (M.D.S.); (M.H.-T.)
| | - Raymond P Goodrich
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.S.D.); (A.O.-H.); (A.F.); (B.R.K.); (S.T.C.); (M.L.K.); (S.K.C.); (B.K.P.); (M.D.S.); (M.H.-T.)
- Correspondence:
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Silva EVDS, Nascente EDP, Miguel MP, Alves CEF, Moura VMBDD. Elucidating tumor immunosurveillance and immunoediting: a comprehensive review. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v22e-68544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract The action of the immune system against neoplastic diseases has become one of the main sources of research. The biological pathways of this system are known to contribute in limiting the progression and elimination of the tumor, and are delineated by concepts and mechanisms of immunosurveillance and immunoediting. Immunosurveillance is considered the process by which the immune system recognizes and inhibits the neoplastic process. The concept of immunoediting arises in the sense that immune system is able to shape the antigenic profile of the tumor due to selective pressure, based on the stages of tumor elimination, balance and evasion. The immune response occurs against tumor antigens and changes in the tumor microenvironment, involving different components of the innate immune system, such as T cells, natural Killer cells, B lymphocytes and macrophages. In this sense, knowing these concepts and understanding their respective mechanisms becomes essential in the investigation of new strategies for cancer prevention and cure. Thus, this review presents historical aspects and definitions of immunosurveillance and tumor immunoediting, with emphasis on its importance and applicability, such as on the different methods used in immunotherapy.
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