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Inacio PAQ, Chaluppe FA, Aguiar GF, Coelho CDF, Vieira RP. Effects of Hydrolyzed Collagen as a Dietary Supplement on Fibroblast Activation: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1543. [PMID: 38892477 PMCID: PMC11173906 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of the effects of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation on the proliferation and activation of fibroblasts. METHODS The search was conducted for journals that published articles in the English language, peer-reviewed, meeting the following criteria: (a) randomized clinical trials, (b) randomized studies in animals or humans, (c) in vitro studies, (d) studies using hydrolyzed collagens or collagen peptides, and (e) studies assessing alterations on fibroblasts as the primary or secondary outcome. We utilized the main journal databases PubMed/Web of Science and ongoing reviews by PROSPERO. For bias risk and methodological quality, we used an adaptation of the Downs and Black checklist. Our review followed the PRISMA checklist, conducted from February 2024 to the first week of March 2024, by two independent researchers (P.A.Q.I. and R.P.V.). RESULTS Eleven studies were included in this review, where our findings reinforce the notion that hydrolyzed collagens or collagen peptides at concentrations of 50-500 μg/mL are sufficient to stimulate fibroblasts in human and animal tissues without inducing toxicity. Different enzymatic processes may confer distinct biological properties to collagens, allowing for scenarios favoring fibroblast promotion or antioxidant effects. Lastly, collagens with lower molecular weights exhibit greater bioavailability to adjacent tissues. CONCLUSIONS Hydrolyzed collagens or collagen peptides with molecular sizes ranging from <3 to 3000 KDa promote the stimulation of fibroblasts in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Augusto Querido Inacio
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI), Evangelical University of Goias (Unievangelica), Avenida Universitária Km 3.5, Anápolis 75083-515, GO, Brazil; (P.A.Q.I.); (G.F.A.); (C.d.F.C.)
| | - Felipe Augusto Chaluppe
- Peptech Colagen from Brazil, 1500 North Halsted Street—Floor 2, Chicago, IL 60642-2517, USA;
| | - Gerson Ferreira Aguiar
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI), Evangelical University of Goias (Unievangelica), Avenida Universitária Km 3.5, Anápolis 75083-515, GO, Brazil; (P.A.Q.I.); (G.F.A.); (C.d.F.C.)
| | - Carly de Faria Coelho
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI), Evangelical University of Goias (Unievangelica), Avenida Universitária Km 3.5, Anápolis 75083-515, GO, Brazil; (P.A.Q.I.); (G.F.A.); (C.d.F.C.)
| | - Rodolfo P. Vieira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI), Evangelical University of Goias (Unievangelica), Avenida Universitária Km 3.5, Anápolis 75083-515, GO, Brazil; (P.A.Q.I.); (G.F.A.); (C.d.F.C.)
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Rua Pedro Ernesto 240, São José dos Campos 12245-520, SP, Brazil
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2
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Fan Z, Zhou Y, Gan B, Li Y, Chen H, Peng X, Zhou Y. Collagen-EGCG Combination Synergistically Prevents UVB-Induced Skin Photoaging in Nude Mice. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300251. [PMID: 37863121 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major cause of skin photoaging through generating excessive oxidative stress and inflammation. One of the strategies is to use photo-chemoprotectors, such as natural products with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, to protect the skin from photo damage. The present study investigates the photoprotective potentials of topical administration of unhydrolyzed collagen, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and their combination against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced photoaging in nude mice. It is found that both the solo and combined pretreatments could recover UVB-induced depletion of antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as an increase of lipid peroxide malondialdehyde and inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α. Meanwhile, the UVB-stimulated skin collagen degradation is attenuated significantly with drug treatments, which is evidenced by expression analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and hydroxyproline. Additionally, the mouse skin histology shows that the drug-pretreated groups possess decreased epidermis thickness and normal collagen fiber structure of the dermis layer. These results demonstrate that both EGCG and collagen can protect the skin against UVB-induced skin photoaging. Synergistically, the combination of them shows the maximum prevention to skin damage, showing its potential in the application of anti-photoaging formulation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, and Biomedical Innovation Center, Guangdong Medical University, 523808, Dongguan, P. R. China
- Pharmacy Department, Zhongshan Second People's Hospital, 528447, Zhongshan, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, and Biomedical Innovation Center, Guangdong Medical University, 523808, Dongguan, P. R. China
| | - Bin Gan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 528000, Foshan, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, and Biomedical Innovation Center, Guangdong Medical University, 523808, Dongguan, P. R. China
| | - Huizhi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, and Biomedical Innovation Center, Guangdong Medical University, 523808, Dongguan, P. R. China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, and Biomedical Innovation Center, Guangdong Medical University, 523808, Dongguan, P. R. China
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, P. R. China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical University, 523808, Dongguan, P. R. China
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3
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He X, Gao X, Xie W. Research Progress in Skin Aging, Metabolism, and Related Products. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15930. [PMID: 37958920 PMCID: PMC10647560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, skin aging has received increasing attention. Many factors affect skin aging, and research has shown that metabolism plays a vital role in skin aging, but there needs to be a more systematic review. This article reviews the interaction between skin metabolism and aging from the perspectives of glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism and explores relevant strategies for skin metabolism regulation. We found that skin aging affects the metabolism of three major substances, which are glucose, protein, and lipids, and the metabolism of the three major substances in the skin also affects the process of skin aging. Some drugs or compounds can regulate the metabolic disorders mentioned above to exert anti-aging effects. Currently, there are a variety of products, but most of them focus on improving skin collagen levels. Skin aging is closely related to metabolism, and they interact with each other. Regulating specific metabolic disorders in the skin is an important anti-aging strategy. Research and development have focused on improving collagen levels, while the regulation of other skin glycosylation and lipid disorders including key membrane or cytoskeleton proteins is relatively rare. Further research and development are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.H.); (X.G.)
- Open FIESTA Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.H.); (X.G.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weidong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.H.); (X.G.)
- Open FIESTA Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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4
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Food-derived collagen peptides: safety, metabolism, and anti-skin-aging effects. Curr Opin Food Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2023.101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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5
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Zhang Z, Yang Y, Huang X, Jin Z, Jiao A. Stabilization of a collagen peptide-cranberry juice by three functional polysaccharides with different charge characteristics. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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6
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Gelatins and antioxidant peptides from Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) skins: Purification, characterization, and cytoprotection on ultraviolet-A injured human skin fibroblasts. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Cosmetic Potential of a Recombinant 50 kDa Protein. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen and its derivative proteins have been widely used as a major component for cosmetic formulations as a natural ingredient and moisturizer. Most commercially available collagens are animal-derived collagen type I and other forms of collagen, such as type III collagen, are far less prevalent in animals, making extraction and purification extremely difficult and expensive. Here, we report the production of a 50 kDa protein produced in yeast that is 100% identical to the N-terminus of the human type III collagen. This recombinant protein has a larger molecular weight than most incumbent recombinant collagen proteins available for personal care applications. We report the industrialization of both the fermentation and purification processes to produce a final recombinant protein product. This final protein product was shown to be safe for general applications to human skin and compatible with common formulation protocols, including ethanol-based formulations. This recombinant collagen type III protein was also shown to uniquely stimulate both collagen type I and type III production and secretion by primary human dermal fibroblasts. The unique combination of biostimulation, compatibility with beauty product formulations and demonstrated commercial production, make this novel recombinant type III collagen a good candidate for broad application in the cosmetics industry.
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Park S, Kim IS, Park SY, Seo SA, Yang JE, Hwang E. The Protective Effect of Edible Bird's Nest against the Immune-senescence Process of UVB-irradiated Hairless Mice †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:949-957. [PMID: 34808003 DOI: 10.1111/php.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a nutritious food with many beneficial effects, including protecting cells against oxidation and infection due to wounds, bacteria or viruses. EBN has shown antiaging, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties in skin cells. Here, we investigated whether EBN has protective effects against photoaging, inflammation and immune-senescence in hairless mice treated with UVB irradiation. The skin thickness was lower in mice on an EBN diet than in mice treated with UVB alone. The level of hydration was significantly increased, while the index of transepidermal water loss decreased, in groups on the EBN diet. EBN also reduced erythema index in UVB-irradiated mice. At the molecular level, skin elasticity and antiaging are associated with high expression of elastin, collagen and filaggrin and low expression of the membrane metalloproteinases, MMP-1 and MMP-2. Inflammatory markers such as interleukins, IL-1β and IL-6, and TNF-α decreased significantly in the EBN groups. Caspase-3, an important factor in the apoptotic pathway and in congenital and adaptive immune responses, decreased in the EBN groups. Moreover, EBN diminished the overexpression of immunoglobulin E and elevated mast cell counts in UVB-irradiated mice. Overall, these findings suggest that EBN protects skin against aging and alleviates inflammation in UVB-irradiated hairless mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Seul A Seo
- SD Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Ganseo-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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9
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Tsai TY, Lin RJ, Liu C, Tseng YP, Chan LP, Liang CH. Djulis supplementation against oxidative stress and ultraviolet radiation-induced cell damage: The influence of antioxidant status and aging of skin in healthy subjects. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:2945-2953. [PMID: 34636463 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) is a cereal food and its antioxidant and pigment constituents may protect skin from photoaging, but conclusive experiments have not been carried out. OBJECTIVE This investigation evaluates the effects of djulis extract as a functional supplement. PATIENTS/METHODS In this study, the effects of djulis functional drinks on the free radical scavenging activities, promotion of collagen synthesis and protection against oxidative stress and the effects of ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated of pUC119 DNA were explored. Thirty healthy subjects (aged 35-55 years old) were randomly allocated to djulis or placebo drinks groups (50 ml of a djulis/placebo drink daily for 8 weeks for each subject) in a double-blind crossover study. RESULTS The regular consumption of the djulis functional drinks significantly increased levels of the serum biochemical superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (+9.5% and +124.8%) after 8 weeks, relative to baseline controls. The improvements in skin moisture, brightness, elasticity, crow's feet, texture, wrinkles, pores, and collagen content after 8 weeks in the djulis group were +13.3%, +3.8%, +13.2%, -21.8%, -12.1%, -11.0%, -1.4%, and +33.7%, respectively, relative to the baseline without treatment. CONCLUSIONS These work findings suggest the daily consumption of djulis drinks can protect the skin against oxidative stress-induced damage, delay skin aging and improve skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yi Tsai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Jyh Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Health and Beauty, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Dental Technology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Tseng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Leong-Perng Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Liang
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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10
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Antiaging Potential of Peptides from Underused Marine Bioresources. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19090513. [PMID: 34564175 PMCID: PMC8466736 DOI: 10.3390/md19090513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biological process that occurs under normal conditions and in several chronic degenerative diseases. Bioactive natural peptides have been shown to improve the effects of aging in cell and animal models and in clinical trials. However, few reports delve into the enormous diversity of peptides from marine organisms. This review provides recent information on the antiaging potential of bioactive peptides from underused marine resources, including examples that scavenge free radicals in vitro, inhibit cell apoptosis, prolong the lifespan of fruit flies and Caenorhabditis elegans, suppress aging in mice, and exert protective roles in aging humans. The underlying molecular mechanisms involved, such as upregulation of oxidase activity, inhibition of cell apoptosis and MMP-1 expression, restoring mitochondrial function, and regulating intestinal homeostasis, are also summarized. This work will help highlight the antiaging potential of peptides from underused marine organisms which could be used as antiaging foods and cosmetic ingredients in the near future.
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Tseng YP, Liu C, Chan LP, Liang CH. Coffee pulp supplement affects antioxidant status and favors anti-aging of skin in healthy subjects. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:2189-2199. [PMID: 34265165 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coffee and coffee products are known potentially to reduce levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in humans. OBJECTIVE This investigation evaluates the effects of coffee pulp extract as a functional supplement (in coffee pulp drink, CPD) and a cosmetic ingredient (coffee pulp serum, CPS). PATIENTS/METHODS The effects of CPD and CPS for anti-oxidation and anti-aging were investigated. Forty subjects were randomly allocated to CPD or placebo drink groups (50 ml of a CPD/placebo drink daily for 8 weeks for each subject), and another 40 subjects were recruited to CPS or placebo serum groups (about 3 ml of a CPS/placebo serum day and night/daily for 4 weeks for each subject) in a double-blind study. RESULTS The CPD and CPS (20%) can increase free radical scavenging activities by 93.3% and 85% (p < 0.001) for DPPH, 94.5% and 61.3% (p < 0.01) for ABTS·+ , 43.8% and 15.3% (p < 0.05) for NO· than placebo. The inhibition of tyrosinase activity was increased by 91.6% and 51.0% (p < 0.05) after CPD and CPS application. The CPD comprehensively improved the moisture, brightness, elasticity, spotting, texture, and collagen content of skin for most subjects after 8 weeks, relative to the baseline without treatment (p < 0.05). After 4 weeks of CPS serum consumption, the brightness, elasticity, spotting, UV spots, and collagen content of skin were slightly better than those at week 0 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The daily consumption of coffee pulp extract products can slow the skin aging process and improve skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Tseng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Health and Beauty, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Dental Technology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Leong-Perng Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Liang
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Coppola D, Lauritano C, Palma Esposito F, Riccio G, Rizzo C, de Pascale D. Fish Waste: From Problem to Valuable Resource. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:116. [PMID: 33669858 PMCID: PMC7923225 DOI: 10.3390/md19020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the growth of the global population and the subsequent rapid increase in urbanization and industrialization, the fisheries and aquaculture production has seen a massive increase driven mainly by the development of fishing technologies. Accordingly, a remarkable increase in the amount of fish waste has been produced around the world; it has been estimated that about two-thirds of the total amount of fish is discarded as waste, creating huge economic and environmental concerns. For this reason, the disposal and recycling of these wastes has become a key issue to be resolved. With the growing attention of the circular economy, the exploitation of underused or discarded marine material can represent a sustainable strategy for the realization of a circular bioeconomy, with the production of materials with high added value. In this study, we underline the enormous role that fish waste can have in the socio-economic sector. This review presents the different compounds with high commercial value obtained by fish byproducts, including collagen, enzymes, and bioactive peptides, and lists their possible applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Coppola
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Fortunato Palma Esposito
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Gennaro Riccio
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Carmen Rizzo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Donatella de Pascale
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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