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Neoh CF, Chen SCA, Lanternier F, Tio SY, Halliday CL, Kidd SE, Kong DCM, Meyer W, Hoenigl M, Slavin MA. Scedosporiosis and lomentosporiosis: modern perspectives on these difficult-to-treat rare mold infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0000423. [PMID: 38551323 PMCID: PMC11237582 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00004-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYAlthough Scedosporium species and Lomentospora prolificans are uncommon causes of invasive fungal diseases (IFDs), these infections are associated with high mortality and are costly to treat with a limited armamentarium of antifungal drugs. In light of recent advances, including in the area of new antifungals, the present review provides a timely and updated overview of these IFDs, with a focus on the taxonomy, clinical epidemiology, pathogenesis and host immune response, disease manifestations, diagnosis, antifungal susceptibility, and treatment. An expansion of hosts at risk for these difficult-to-treat infections has emerged over the last two decades given the increased use of, and broader population treated with, immunomodulatory and targeted molecular agents as well as wider adoption of antifungal prophylaxis. Clinical presentations differ not only between genera but also across the different Scedosporium species. L. prolificans is intrinsically resistant to most currently available antifungal agents, and the prognosis of immunocompromised patients with lomentosporiosis is poor. Development of, and improved access to, diagnostic modalities for early detection of these rare mold infections is paramount for timely targeted antifungal therapy and surgery if indicated. New antifungal agents (e.g., olorofim, fosmanogepix) with novel mechanisms of action and less cross-resistance to existing classes, availability of formulations for oral administration, and fewer drug-drug interactions are now in late-stage clinical trials, and soon, could extend options to treat scedosporiosis/lomentosporiosis. Much work remains to increase our understanding of these infections, especially in the pediatric setting. Knowledge gaps for future research are highlighted in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Fen Neoh
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon C-A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fanny Lanternier
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Translational Mycology research group, Mycology Department, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Shio Yen Tio
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catriona L Halliday
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah E Kidd
- National Mycology Reference Centre, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David C M Kong
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- The National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infections and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Translational Medical Mycology Research Group, ECMM Excellence Center for Clinical Mycology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Monica A Slavin
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Zhang R, Wang Y, Wu A, Wang J, Zhang J. Strategies of targeting CYP51 for IFIs therapy: Emerging prospects, opportunities and challenges. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115658. [PMID: 37480712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
CYP51, a monooxygenase associated with the sterol synthesis pathway, is responsible for the catalysis of the 14-methyl hydroxylation reaction of lanosterol precursors. This enzyme is widely present in microorganisms, plants, and mammals. In mammals, CYP51 plays a role in cholesterol production, oligodendrocyte formation, oocyte maturation, and spermatogenesis. In fungal cells, CYP51 is an enzyme that synthesizes membrane sterols. By inhibiting fungal CYP51, ergosterol synthesis can be inhibited and ergosterol membrane fluidity is altered, resulting in fungal cell apoptosis. Thus, targeting CYP51 is a reliable antifungal strategy with important implications for the treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs). Many CYP51 inhibitors have been approved by the FDA for clinical treatment. However, several limitations of CYP51 inhibitors remain to be resolved, including fungal resistance, hepatotoxicity, and drug-drug interactions. New broad-spectrum, anti-resistant, highly selective CYP51 inhibitors are expected to be developed to enhance clinical efficacy and minimize adverse effects. Herein, we summarize the structural features and biological functions of CYP51 and emphatically analyze the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and therapeutic potential of different chemical types of small-molecule CYP51 inhibitors. We also discuss the latest progress of novel strategies, providing insights into new drugs targeting CYP51 for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Aijia Wu
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Sun B, Liu W, Wang Q, Liu Y, Yu S, Liu M, Han J. Design, Synthesis, and Activity Evaluation of Novel Dual-Target Inhibitors with Antifungal and Immunoregulatory Properties. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13007-13027. [PMID: 37705322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Dual-target (CYP51/PD-L1) plays an important role in the process of fungal proliferation and immune suppression. A series of novel quinazoline compounds with dual-target inhibition function was constructed using the skeleton growth method, and their structures were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated. Among them, the perfected compounds (L11, L20, L21) were selected for further study, which exhibited remarkable biological activity against different fungal strains (MIC50, 0.25-2.0 μg/mL) in vitro. On the one hand, these compounds inhibited CYP51 activity, induced ROS aggregation, and mitochondrial damage; this ultimately caused fungal lysis and death. On the other hand, they also effectively activated the body's immune ability by blocking the interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1, slowed down the inflammatory reaction, and accelerated the recovery process of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Yating Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Shuai Yu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
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Konsoula A, Tsioutis C, Markaki I, Papadakis M, Agouridis AP, Spernovasilis N. Lomentospora prolificans: An Emerging Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071317. [PMID: 35889036 PMCID: PMC9316904 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lomentospora prolificans is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that primarily affects immunocompromised individuals leading to disseminated disease with high mortality rates while also causing infections in healthy populations. Successful recovery from infection is difficult due to high rates of intrinsic resistance to antifungals. Rapid and readily available diagnostic methods, aggressive surgical debridement wherever appropriate, and effective and timely antifungal treatment are the pillars for successful management. Future research will need to clarify the environmental niche of the fungus, further investigate the pathophysiology of infection and define species-specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Konsoula
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Sitia, 72300 Sitia, Greece;
| | - Constantinos Tsioutis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22559413
| | - Ioulia Markaki
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, “Sotiria” General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Michail Papadakis
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Agios Panteleimon” General Hospital of Nikaia, 18454 Piraeus, Greece;
| | - Aris P. Agouridis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus;
- Department of Internal Medicine, German Oncology Center, Limassol 4108, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos Spernovasilis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, German Oncology Center, Limassol 4108, Cyprus;
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71303 Heraklion, Greece
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An Y, Liu W, Xie H, Fan H, Han J, Sun B. Construction and activity evaluation of novel benzodioxane derivatives as dual-target antifungal inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113950. [PMID: 34731761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ergosterol exert the important function in maintaining the fluidity and osmotic pressure of fungal cells, and its key biosynthesis enzymes (Squalene epoxidase, SE; 14 α-demethylase, CYP51) displayed the obvious synergistic effects. Therefore, we expected to discover the novel antifungal compounds with dual-target (SE/CYP51) inhibitory activity. In the progress, we screened the different kinds of potent fragments based on the dual-target (CYP51, SE) features, and the method of fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) was used to guide the construction of three different series of benzodioxane compounds. Subsequently, their chemical structures were synthesized and evaluated. These compounds displayed the obvious biological activity against the pathogenic fungal strains. Notably, target compounds 10a-2 and 22a-2 possessed the excellent broad-spectrum anti-fungal activity (MIC50, 0.125-2.0 μg/mL) and the activity against drug-resistant strains (MIC50, 0.5-2.0 μg/mL). Preliminary mechanism studies have confirmed that these compounds effectively inhibited the dual-target (SE/CYP51) activity, they could cause fungal rupture and death by blocking the bio-synthetic pathway of ergosterol. Further experiments discovered that compounds 10a-2 and 22a-2 also maintained a certain of anti-fungal effect in vivo. In summary, this study not only provided the new dual-target drug design strategy and method, but also discover the potential antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei An
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Honglei Xie
- Yantai branch, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264000, PR China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, PR China.
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