The Effects of Platelet-Rich and Platelet-Poor Plasma on Biological Characteristics of BM-MSCs In Vitro

GOLDIC Therapy Holds Promise as an Orthobiologic Agent: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Introduction

Orthobiologic agents play a significant role in regenerative medicine. The quest for newer and more effective Orthobiologic agents is never-ending, leading to the evolution of more reformed products. GOLDIC (GOLD Induced cytokine) is a recently evolving Orthobiologic agent developed by conditioning autologous serum with gold particles. We aim to collate the available evidence on GOLDIC and provide a systematic literature review.

Materials and methods

Using Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines literature search was done for GOLDIC. After duplicate removal and exclusions, 62 articles were scrutinized, of which 8 articles qualified for full-text review. A risk-of-bias assessment of the included studies was done.

Results

All articles showed standardized preparation methods of GOLDIC and uniformity in the number of doses administered, except one study. Reproducible results were noted like an increase in plasma gelsolin and improved KOOS, WOMAC, and VAS scores.

Conclusion

GOLDIC has the potential to be a significant Orthobiologic modality considering its standardized preparation techniques, method of administration, and uniformly reproducible outcome measures. However, further high-quality evidence is needed to analyze the clinical efficiency and safety profile of GOLDIC.

Systematic review registration

INPLASY202350027 [https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.5.0027].

An acoustofluidic device for the automated separation of platelet-reduced plasma from whole blood

Separating plasma from whole blood is an important sample processing technique required for fundamental biomedical research, medical diagnostics, and therapeutic applications. Traditional protocols for plasma isolation require multiple centrifugation steps or multiunit microfluidic processing to sequentially remove large red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs), followed by the removal of small platelets. Here, we present an acoustofluidic platform capable of efficiently removing RBCs, WBCs, and platelets from whole blood in a single step. By leveraging differences in the acoustic impedances of fluids, our device generates significantly greater forces on suspended particles than conventional microfluidic approaches, enabling the removal of both large blood cells and smaller platelets in a single unit. As a result, undiluted human whole blood can be processed by our device to remove both blood cells and platelets (>90%) at low voltages (25 Vpp). The ability to successfully remove blood cells and platelets from plasma without altering the properties of the proteins and antibodies present creates numerous potential applications for our platform in biomedical research, as well as plasma-based diagnostics and therapeutics. Furthermore, the microfluidic nature of our device offers advantages such as portability, cost efficiency, and the ability to process small-volume samples.

Multiomics analysis of platelet-rich plasma promoting biological performance of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal Stem Cells are ideal seed cells for tissue repair and cell therapy and have promising applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Using Platelet-Rich Plasma as an adjuvant to create and improve the microenvironment for Mesenchymal Stem Cells growth can enhance the biological properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and improve the efficacy of cell therapy. However, the mechanism by which Platelet-Rich Plasma improves the biological performance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells is still unknown. In this study, by examining the effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma on the biological performance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, combined with multiomics analysis (Transcriptomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics) and related tests, we analyzed the specific pathways, related mechanisms and metabolic pathways of Platelet-Rich Plasma to improve the biological performance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. In an in vitro cell culture system, the biological performance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells was significantly improved after replacing Foetal Bovine Serum with Platelet-Rich Plasma, and the genes (ESM1, PDGFB, CLEC7A, CCR1 and ITGA6 et al.) related to cell proliferation, adhesion, growth, migration and signal transduction were significantly upregulated. Platelet-Rich Plasma can enhance the secretion function of MSC exosomes, significantly upregulate many proteins related to tissue repair, immune regulation and anti-infection, and enhance the repair effect of exosomes on skin injury. After replacing Foetal Bovine Serum with Platelet-Rich Plasma, Mesenchymal Stem Cells underwent metabolic reprogramming, the metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids and various signaling pathways were changed, the anabolic pathways of various proteins were enhanced. These results provide a theoretical and technical reference for optimizing the Mesenchymal Stem Cells culture system, improving the biological characteristics and clinical application effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

The activity of monocyte-derived macrophages after stimulation with platelet-rich and platelet-poor concentrates. Study on an ovine model of insertion of a tibial implant coated with silicon-doped diamond-like carbon

Introduction

Macrophages are crucial immune cells that play a role in tissue repair and can exhibit pro- or anti-inflammatory behaviour based on environmental stimulation. Their functional phenotype can be affected by platelet-derived products as determined by those products' composition. When the inflammatory response caused by implantation is excessive, it can lead to rejection of the implant. Therefore, a thorough evaluation of implant haemocompatibility is necessary to minimise undesirable consequences.

Material and Methods

In an in vitro study, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were obtained from the whole blood of sheep after a silicon-doped diamond-like carbon-coated implant insertion. These MDMs were then exposed to autologous platelet-derived products for functional marker analysis.

Results

Platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) stimulation increased arginase-1 activity, while leukocyte-rich PRP stimulation produced a mixed response involving higher O2- (6.49 ± 2.43 nM vs non-stimulated 3.51 ± 1.23 nM, P-value < 0.05) and NO (3.28 ± 1.38 μM vs non-stimulated 2.55 ± 0.32μM, P-value < 0.05) generation.

Conclusion

Using PPP and P-PRP stimulation in post-implantation procedures may contribute to the polarisation of macrophages towards the M2-like pro-resolving phenotype, thereby accelerating wound healing. This would also prevent implant degradation due to an excessive inflammatory process.

Intraovarian condensed platelet cytokines for infertility and menopause-Mirage or miracle?

On a therapeutic landscape unchanged since the 1980's, oocyte donation with IVF still stands as the solitary medical answer to diminished reserve and premature ovarian insufficiency. In 2016, intraovarian platelet-rich plasma (PRP) crossed the horizon as a hopeful reply to these intertwined problems. The once remote mirage of platelet cytokine effects on gene regulation or telomere stabilization has been brought into sharper focus, with current work clarifying how PRP corrects oxidative stress, rectifies tissue hypoxia, downregulates apoptosis, and enhances cellular metabolism. Not yet ready for routine use, this innovative treatment has already offered at least one point of early consensus: How intraovarian PRP results should be classified-Patients are either responders or non-responders. From this it is intriguing that no published PRP protocol has ever reported a supranormal ovarian rebound or hyperstimulation effect. This might be explained by baseline age-related ovarian conditions prevalent among poor responders, but since dysregulated or malignant transformations are also missing in other tissue contexts following autologous PRP treatment, the contribution of some platelet product which intrinsically delimits regenerative action cannot be discounted. Here we summarize results with recent experimental and clinical platelet research, framing those most likely to help advance reproductive endocrinology practice.

The expression level of mir-21-3p in platelet-rich plasma: A potential effective factor and predictive biomarker in recurrent implantation failure

Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is the most important complication associated with in vitro fertilization (IVF). Despite the good quality of the transferred embryo, the success rate is rather disappointing. Therefore, predictive biomarkers for implantation are critical to making decisions about transferring high-quality embryos or cryopreserving them for cycles with a higher chance of implantation. Recently, intrauterine infusion of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been proposed to increase the endometrial receptivity in RIF patients. PRP is rich in both growth factors and microRNAs (miRNAs). We investigated the possible association of mir-21-3p, mir-21-5p, mir-494-3p, mir-145-5p, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels in PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) samples with the pregnancy outcomes in RIF patients. The miRNA expression level and IGF-I concentration were assessed using real-time PCR and chemiluminescence methods respectively. Mir-21-3p was upregulated in PRP samples of the pregnant group in comparison to the nonpregnant group. There was no difference in the expression of mir-21-3p in PPP samples of these groups. The concentration of IGF-I was higher in PRP and PPP samples of the nonpregnant in comparison to the pregnant group. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that mir-21-3p can be a valuable biomarker for the prediction of pregnancy chance in RIF patients treated with PRP.

Growth factors, gene activation, and cell recruitment: From intraovarian condensed platelet cytokines to de novo oocyte development

BACKGROUND

Interest in decelerating or reversing reproductive aging is unlikely to diminish in the era of molecular genetics. For the adult human ovary, meeting the challenge of menopause without synthetic hormone replacement has now moved beyond proof-of-concept, as shown from treatments validated with standard metabolic markers and ovarian reserve estimates. However, without proper recruitment and differentiation of oocytes, such outcomes would be impossible. The full inventory of factors required for such folliculogenesis is not yet final, but growth differentiation factor-9, transforming growth factor-beta1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 are consistently identified as relevant. Platelet-derived growth factor and, more recently, bone morphogenic proteins are also central to cell migration, vascular support, and general ovarian function. Interestingly, when cells secreting these moieties are surgically grafted near undifferentiated oocyte stem precursors, the latency phase transitions to delineate follicle development and restoration of reproductive capacity. Direct intraovarian injection of condensed platelet-derived cytokines (a platelet-rich plasma/PRP product) likewise enables return of menses, ovulation, and term live birth.

AIM

This report extends our previous work on the proangiogenic effects of intraovarian PRP by connecting clinical responses to specific cytokine-dependent gene activation pathways likely needed to induce oocyte differentiation.

RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS

Ovarian rejuvenation is a promising new application for platelet-rich plasma and/or condensed plasma cytokines of platelet origin, which are injected into older ovarian tissue.

Long-term Interactions of Circulating Neutrophils with Titanium Implants, the Role of Platelets in Regulation of Leukocyte Function

Despite the fact that different biomaterials are widely used in many biomedical applications, they can still cause side effects. Therefore, our aim was to assess neutrophil activity during the inflammatory phase of the repair process and long-term interactions between circulating neutrophils and Titanium (Ti) implants. Additionally, neutrophil in vitro response after stimulation by the extract of antimicrobial peptides (AMP extract), pentoxifylline (PTX) and some platelet-rich (L-PRP and PURE PRP) and platelet-poor (PPP) concentrates were tested. The study was conducted on eight sheep after Ti implant insertion into the tibia and revealed that the Ti implant did not cause any side effects during the course of experiment. After addition of L-PRP into neutrophils, culture activity of these cells significantly increased (p < 0.01), whereas treatment with AMP extract, PURE PRP, PPP or PTX caused decrease in neutrophil enzymatic response (on the basis of elastase, myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase release) and free radical generation. These effects were observed in neutrophils isolated during the inflammatory phase as well as 4 and 10 months after implantation. Obtained results will be useful in regulation of inflammatory response during implantation of biomaterial and create possibility to modulate the cells response towards pro- or anti-inflammatory to reduce host tissue damage.

Comparison of the Effects of Repeated Applications of Platelet-Rich Plasma versus Platelet-Poor Plasma on Fat Graft Survival in Nude Mice

Autologous fat grafting has been widely used for soft tissue filling in plastic surgery. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) could play a wide role in health and disease because of containing a variety of growth factors and cytokines. Although previous studies have described the positive effect of autologous PRP mixed with fat grafts, only minimal improvements in fat graft survival have been reported. The present study is aimed at comparing the effects of PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) on the survival and quality of fat grafting. We built a 180-day nude mouse model implanted with a fat graft supplemented with PRP, PPP, or saline, respectively. The above reagents (PRP, PPP, or saline) were injected two additional times after the initial engraftment. The survival ratio of the fat grafts and the capillary density in the PRP group were significantly higher than those in the PPP group and the saline group (control group) at 15, 30, 90, and 180 days posttransplantation (P < 0.05). The survival ratio of the PPP group was higher than that of the saline group (P < 0.05), but the capillary density in the PPP group was not significantly different from that in the saline group at any time point (P > 0.05). We hence conclude that the repeated application of PRP or PPP three times can enhance the survival of fat grafts within 180 days. Moreover, the effect of PRP is superior to that of PPP.