The Evaluation of the Effect of ICT in HIV Prevention in the General Population in China Based on an Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skill Model

Study on the approach to HIV: health management and the healthcare process in Spain

INTRODUCTION

HIV continues to represent a problem of great relevance for public health in Spain. This study aims to carry out an analysis that will provide in-depth knowledge of the resources, clinical care, and management during the diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment phases of HIV infection in Spain.

METHODS

In the first phase, a multidisciplinary Scientific Committee designed an information collection tool in the form of a survey. In the second phase, carried out in the autonomous communities of Andalusia, Catalonia, and La Rioja, a multidisciplinary group of 42 experts, representatives of the public administration, clinical profiles, and representatives of NGOs in the field of HIV answered the survey.

RESULTS

The assessment of HIV resources is generally positive. As regards diagnosis, the experts considered that there was good coordination between Primary and Hospital care. Regarding treatment, the evaluations reflected good opinions on therapeutic conciliation and adherence, with a negative opinion in the evaluation of drug interactions with antiretroviral treatment. Regarding follow-up, the perception expressed was disparate concerning the coordination between Hospital and Primary Care as well as the adaptation of care to chronicity, aging, fragility, mental health, and oncological processes.

CONCLUSION

There are certain processes that can be improved in the management of HIV infection in people with HIV in Spain, including protocols for follow-up and coordination between primary and hospital care in the treatment and follow-up of the disease.

A Model of Social Media Effects in Public Health Communication Campaigns: Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Social media platforms are frequently used in health communication campaigns. Common understandings of campaign effects posit a sequential and linear series of steps from exposure to behavior change, commonly known as the hierarchy of effects model (HOE). These concepts need to be reevaluated in the age of social media, which are interactional and communal.

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to update the traditional HOE for health communication campaigns in the context of social media, including identifying indicators of effectiveness and how these are conceptualized to lead to health-related outcomes.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of studies following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines reporting on the use of social media as part of health communication campaigns, extracting campaign information such as objectives, platforms used, and measures of campaign performance. We used these data, combined with our understanding of the HOE, to develop an updated conceptual model of social media campaign effects.

RESULTS

We identified 99 eligible studies reporting on 93 campaigns, published between 2012 and 2022. The campaigns were conducted in over 20 countries, but nearly half (n=42) were conducted in the United States. Campaigns targeted a variety of health issues and predominantly used Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube. Most campaigns (n=81) set objectives targeting awareness or individual behavior change. Process measures (n=68; eg, reach and impressions) and engagement measures (n=73; eg, likes and retweets) were reported most frequently, while two-fifths (n=42) did not report any outcomes beyond engagement, such as changes in knowledge, behavior, or social norms. Most campaigns (n=55) collected measures that did not allow them to determine if the campaign objective had been met; that is, they were process evaluations only. Based on our review, our updated model suggests that campaign exposure can lead to individual behavior change and improved health outcomes, either through a direct or indirect pathway. Indirect pathways include exposure through social and policy changes. "Engagement" is positioned as critical to success, replacing awareness in the traditional HOE, and all types of engagement are treated as equal and good. No consideration is being given to potential negative engagement, such as the distribution of misinformation. Additionally, the process is no longer linear and sequential, with circular pathways evident, such as engagement not only influencing behavior change but also generating additional exposure to campaign messages.

CONCLUSIONS

Our review has highlighted a change in conventional understandings of how campaigns can influence health outcomes in the age of social media. The updated model we propose provides social media campaigners with a starting point to develop and tailor campaign messages and allows evaluators to identify critical assumptions to test, including the role and value of "engagement."

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42021287257; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=287257.

Long-term effect of mobile phone-based education and influencing factors of willingness to receive HPV vaccination among female freshmen in Shanxi Province, China

BACKGROUND

This study was conducted to characterize the long-term effect of mobile-based education on Chinese female freshmen and disclose the possible predictors of their willingness to get vaccinated based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model.

METHODS

We randomly assigned 509 participants to a 7-day mobile-based educational intervention or control group and collected information about general information, health, and sexual behavior, HPV vaccination intention and action, HPV-related knowledge, cognition, and behavioral skill by an online self-administrated questionnaire at baseline, post-intervention, and at the 1-month and 3-month follow-ups.

RESULTS

The intervention arm showed an improvement in IMB scores after education. Despite the persistent improvement in knowledge, the improvement in their motivation and behavioral skills decreased at the 1-month and 3-month follow-ups. Participants' vaccination willingness was elevated after the baseline survey in both the intervention and control groups, while the overall appointment/vaccination rate was only 3.73% 3 months later. The intention to get vaccinated was associated with knowing HPV (adjusted OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.44 - 3.89), perceiving more barriers (adjusted OR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.44 - 3.25), higher subjective norms (adjusted OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.26 - 3.32), and having more behavioral skills (adjusted OR: 2.95, 95% CI: 1.79 - 4.87).

CONCLUSION

Seven-day mobile-based education was effective to increase IMB model scores among female freshmen. However, the improvement in motivation and behavioral skills was not persistent. Information, perceived barriers, subjective norms, and behavioral skills were discovered to be influencing factors of vaccination intention. Future research with longer, more convenient, and more tailored education to the main influencing factors is warranted.