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Ndiour CN, Senghor B, Thiam O, Niang S, Wotodjo AN, Faye BT, Ndiaye NA, Sow O, Sylla K, Ndiaye M, Gaye O, Faye B, Sokhna C, Doucouré S, Sow D. Prevalence and associated factors of schistosomiasis among pregnant women in northern Senegal. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:682. [PMID: 38982383 PMCID: PMC11232235 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis remains a public health concern worldwide. It is responsible for more than 240 million cases in 78 countries, 40 million of whom are women of childbearing age. In the Senegal River basin, both Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni are very prevalent in school-age children. However, there is a lack of information on the burden of schistosomiasis in pregnant women, which can cause complications in the pregnancy outcome. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of schistosomiasis in pregnant women. METHODS We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at the health center of the Senegalese Sugar Company and at the hospital of Richard Toll between August and December 2021. The urine and stool samples collected were examined using microscopy techniques and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to detect the presence of S. haematobium and S. mansoni. The urines were previously tested using urine reagent strips to detect hematuria and proteinuria. Socio-demographical, clinical, and diagnostically data were recorded by the midwife and the gynaecologist. The data were analyzed using a logistic regression model. RESULTS Among the 298 women examined for the infection by microscopic, 65 (21.81%) were infected with urogenital schistosomiasis, 10 (3.36%) with intestinal schistosomiasis, and 4 (1.34%) were co-infected with both types of schistosomiasis. Out of the 288 samples tested by qPCR, 146 (48.99%) were positive for S. haematobium, 49 (35.51%) for S. mansoni and 22 (15.94%) for both species (co-infection). Pregnant women having microscopic haematuria and proteinuria were significantly more infected (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study has revealed a high prevalence of schistosomiasis in pregnant women in Senegal. The qPCR allowed us to detect more cases compared to the microscopy. There is a need to conduct more studies to understand the real burden of the disease and to set up a surveillance system to prevent pregnancy-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coumba Nar Ndiour
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, UFR Sciences de la Santé, Université Gaston Berger, de Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Bruno Senghor
- EMR MINES: Maladies Infectieuses, Négligées et Émergentes au Sud, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Campus International Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Université-Cheikh Anta Diop of Hann, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ousmane Thiam
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, UFR Sciences de la Santé, Université Gaston Berger, de Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Souleymane Niang
- Centre de Santé, Compagnie Sucrière Sénégalaise, Richard Toll, Richard Toll, Senegal
| | - Amélé Nyedzie Wotodjo
- EMR MINES: Maladies Infectieuses, Négligées et Émergentes au Sud, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Campus International Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Université-Cheikh Anta Diop of Hann, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Babacar Thiendella Faye
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, UFR Sciences de la Santé, Université Gaston Berger, de Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Ndeye Amy Ndiaye
- Direction de la Santé de la Mère et de l'Enfant, Ministère de la Santé et de l'Action Sociale, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Omar Sow
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, UFR Sciences de la Santé, Université Gaston Berger, de Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Khadime Sylla
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, FMPO, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, de Dakar, Senegal
| | - Magatte Ndiaye
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, FMPO, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, de Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumar Gaye
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, FMPO, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, de Dakar, Senegal
| | - Babacar Faye
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, FMPO, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, de Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- EMR MINES: Maladies Infectieuses, Négligées et Émergentes au Sud, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Campus International Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Université-Cheikh Anta Diop of Hann, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Souleymane Doucouré
- EMR MINES: Maladies Infectieuses, Négligées et Émergentes au Sud, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Campus International Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Université-Cheikh Anta Diop of Hann, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Doudou Sow
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, UFR Sciences de la Santé, Université Gaston Berger, de Saint-Louis, Senegal.
- EMR MINES: Maladies Infectieuses, Négligées et Émergentes au Sud, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Campus International Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Université-Cheikh Anta Diop of Hann, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal.
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Tallima H, Hanna VS, El Ridi R. Arachidonic Acid Is a Safe and Efficacious Schistosomicide, and an Endoschistosomicide in Natural and Experimental Infections, and Cysteine Peptidase Vaccinated Hosts. Front Immunol 2020; 11:609994. [PMID: 33281832 PMCID: PMC7705376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma are covered by a protective heptalaminated, double lipid bilayer surface membrane. Large amounts of sphingomyelin (SM) in the outer leaflet form with surrounding water molecules a tight hydrogen bond barrier, which allows entry of nutrients and prevents access of host immune effectors. Excessive hydrolysis of SM to phosphoryl choline and ceramide via activation of the parasite tegument-associated neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) with the polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid (ARA) leads to parasite death, via allowing exposure of apical membrane antigens to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and accumulation of the pro-apoptotic ceramide. Surface membrane nSMase represents, thus, a worm Achilles heel, and ARA a valid schistosomicide. Several experiments conducted in vitro using larval, juvenile, and adult Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium documented ARA schistosomicidal potential. Arachidonic acid schistosomicidal action was shown to be safe and efficacious in mice and hamsters infected with S. mansoni and S. haematobium, respectively, and in children with light S. mansoni infection. A combination of praziquantel and ARA led to outstanding cure rates in children with heavy S. mansoni infection. Additionally, ample evidence was obtained for the powerful ARA ovocidal potential in vivo and in vitro against S. mansoni and S. haematobium liver and intestine eggs. Studies documented ARA as an endogenous schistosomicide in the final mammalian and intermediate snail hosts, and in mice and hamsters, immunized with the cysteine peptidase-based vaccine. These findings together support our advocating the nutrient ARA as the safe and efficacious schistosomicide of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Tallima
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Violette S Hanna
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rashika El Ridi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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