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Okechukwu VO, Kappo AP, Njobeh PB, Mamo MA. Morphed aflaxotin concentration produced by Aspergillus flavus strain VKMN22 on maize grains inoculated on agar culture. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2024; 8:100197. [PMID: 38468716 PMCID: PMC10925925 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
This study identified and monitored the levels of aflatoxins (B1 and B2) produced by Aspergillus flavus isolate VKMN22 (OP355447) in maize samples sourced from a local shop in Johannesburg, South Africa. Maize samples underwent controlled incubation after initial rinsing, and isolates were identified through morphological and molecular methods. In another experiment, autoclaved maize grains were intentionally re-inoculated with the identified fungal isolate using spore suspension (106 spore/mL), after which 1 g of the contaminated maize sample was inoculated on PDA media and cultured for seven days. The aflatoxin concentrations in the A. flavus contaminated maize inoculated on culture media was monitored over seven weeks and then measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Results confirmed the successful isolation of A. flavus strain VKMN22 with accession number OP355447, which consistently produced higher levels of AFB1 compared to AFB2. AF concentrations increased from week one to five, then declined in week six and seven. AFB1 levels ranged from 594.3 to 9295.33 µg/kg (week 1-5) and then reduced from 5719.67 to 2005 µg/kg in week six and seven), while AFB2 levels ranged from 4.92 to 901.67 µg/kg (weeks 1-5) and then degraded to 184 µg/kg in week six then 55.33 µg/kg (weeks 6-7). Levene's tests confirmed significantly higher mean concentrations of AFB1 compared to AFB2 (p ≤ 0.005). The study emphasizes the importance of consistent biomonitoring for a dynamic understanding of AF contamination, informing accurate prevention and control strategies in agricultural commodities thereby safeguarding food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola O. Okechukwu
- Department of Biochemistry, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abidemi P. Kappo
- Department of Biochemistry, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patrick B. Njobeh
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Messai A. Mamo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, PO Box 2028, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
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2
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Suleiman WB. A multi-aspect analysis of two analogous aspergillus spp. belonging to section Flavi: aspergillus flavus and aspergillus oryzae. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:71. [PMID: 36922770 PMCID: PMC10015910 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfungal isolates were routinely identified depending on both macro and micro morphological characteristics, sometimes, some fungal isolates appeared to be similar and such cases caused severe confusion for mycologists during the preliminary identification. During our previous studies dealing with isolation of fungi for some biotechnological applications; two mystifying species Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae showed similar cultural and macroscopic features. Therefore, the current study aimed to easily distinguish between these two species depending on simple approaches which are routinely followed by a large segment of researchers. Investigation of the macroscopic features was performed to check the fungal growth on four different media (PDA, MEA, YES, and CYA) followed by microscopic examination using an ordinary light microscope, and scanning electron microscope SEM. Also, screening of secondary metabolites for both strains was preliminarily identified to find out the difference between their metabolic profiles. Finally, ITS rDNA was involved to clarify the molecular differences along their partial sequence. Conclusively, the BLAST strategy confirmed the similarity of ITS rDNA segments of both fungal strains that supported our hypothesis. The color of the fungal growth is a very critical factor whereas it is extensively influenced by the type of cultivation media. Accordingly, the YES medium was an inspiring tool assisting in prompt differentiation during the culture investigation step whereas A. oryzae and A. flavus appeared significant mustard yellow and olive green respectively. During the microscopic examination, the CYA medium also had a robust effect on the formation of the conidial chain whereas the knit long chain was observed in A. oryzae while the conidia appeared scattered and not in a chain in the case of A. flavus. Likewise, both two strains possessed different metabolic profiles where A. oryzae is not an Afla toxin producer, unlike A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Bakry Suleiman
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, The Permanent Camp St., 6th Ward, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt.
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3
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Gul R, Sharma P, Kumar R, Umar A, Ibrahim AA, Alhamami MAM, Jaswal VS, Kumar M, Dixit A, Baskoutas S. A sustainable approach to the degradation of dyes by fungal species isolated from industrial wastewaters: Performance, parametric optimization, kinetics and degradation mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114407. [PMID: 36216116 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fungal abetted processes are among the finest approaches for the transformation or degradation and decolorization of dyes in effluents. In this piece of research; biodegradation and metabolic pathways of two toxic dyes Congo Red (CR) and Reactive black 5 (RB5) by two strains of Aspergillus sp. fungus in batch experiments has been investigated. Morphological characteristics of the isolates were observed with both light and electron microscopies. Based on molecular characterization the isolates were identified as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. The degradation was also optimized via. operational parameters such as pH, temperature, incubation time, inoculums size, dye concentration, carbon sources and nitrogen sources. Degradation measurements revealed that the isolates effectively degraded 90% and 96% of CR and RB5 respectively. Metabolites were identified with Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) and degradation pathways of the dyes were proposed. Toxicity assay Phaseolus mungo seeds showed that pure CR and RB5 dyes exhibits significant toxicity whereas fungal treated dye solution resulted in an abatement of the toxicity and cell viability was increased. The results stipulated in this article clearly showed the effectiveness of the isolates on detoxification of CR and RB5 dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Gul
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, 133207, Ambala, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Shaheed Bhagat Singh Khalsa College for Women Padiala, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 140103, India
| | - Raman Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, 133207, Ambala, India.
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Ahmed A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen A M Alhamami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vivek Sheel Jaswal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, H.P., India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, H.P., India
| | - Ashutosh Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Sotirios Baskoutas
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 265000, Patras, Greece
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Rahman MAH, Selamat J, Samsudin NIP, Shaari K, Mahror N, John JM. Antagonism of nonaflatoxigenic
Aspergillus flavus
isolated from peanuts against aflatoxigenic
A. flavus
growth and aflatoxin
B
1
production
in vitro. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3993-4002. [DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Azuar Hamizan Rahman
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
| | - Norlia Mahror
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Malaysia Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Joshua Mark John
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
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Tengey TK, Kankam F, Ndela DN, Frempong D, Appaw WO. Growth and Toxigenicity of A. flavus on Resistant and Susceptible Peanut Genotypes. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080536. [PMID: 36006198 PMCID: PMC9414427 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination poses serious health concerns to consumers of peanut and peanut products. This study aimed at investigating the response of peanuts to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation. Isolates of A. flavus were characterised either as aflatoxigenic or non-aflatoxigenic using multiple cultural techniques. The selected isolates were used in an in vitro seed colonisation (IVSC) experiment on two A. flavus-resistant and susceptible peanut genotypes. Disease incidence, severity, and aflatoxin accumulation were measured. Genotypes differed significantly (p < 0.001) in terms of the incidence and severity of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus infection with the non-aflatoxigenic isolate having significantly higher incidence and severity values. There was no accumulation of aflatoxins in peanut genotypes inoculated with non-aflatoxigenic isolate, indicating its potential as a biocontrol agent. Inoculations with the aflatoxigenic isolate resulted in the accumulation of aflatoxin B1 and G1 in all the peanut genotypes. Aflatoxin B2 was not detected in ICGV−03401 (resistant genotype), while it was present and higher in Manipinta (susceptible genotype) than L027B (resistant genotype). ICGV−03401 can resist fungal infection and aflatoxin accumulation than L027B and Manipinta. Non-aflatoxigenic isolate detected in this study could further be investigated as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophilus Kwabla Tengey
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI), Nyankpala NL-1032-0471, Ghana
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +233-249-437-879
| | - Frederick Kankam
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala NL-1029-6240, Ghana
| | - Dominic Ngagmayan Ndela
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala NL-1029-6240, Ghana
| | - Daniel Frempong
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala NL-1029-6240, Ghana
| | - William Ofori Appaw
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi AK-448-1125, Ghana
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Characterization of Ugandan Endemic Aspergillus Species and Identification of Non-Aflatoxigenic Isolates for Potential Biocontrol of Aflatoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050304. [PMID: 35622551 PMCID: PMC9143334 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute stunting in children, liver cancer, and death often occur due to human exposure to aflatoxins in food. The severity of aflatoxin contamination depends on the type of Aspergillus fungus infecting the crops. In this study, Aspergillus species were isolated from households’ staple foods and were characterized for different aflatoxin chemotypes. The non-aflatoxigenic chemotypes were evaluated for their ability to reduce aflatoxin levels produced by aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains on maize grains. Aspergillus flavus (63%), A. tamarii (14%), and A. niger (23%) were the main species present. The A. flavus species included isolates that predominantly produced aflatoxins B1 and B2, with most isolates producing a high amount (>20 ug/µL) of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and a marginal proportion of them also producing G aflatoxins with a higher level of aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) than AFB1. Some non-aflatoxigenic A. tamarii demonstrated a strong ability to reduce the level of AFB1 by more than 95% when co-inoculated with aflatoxigenic A. flavus. Therefore, field evaluation of both non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus and A. tamarii would be an important step toward developing biocontrol agents for mitigating field contamination of crops with aflatoxins in Uganda.
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Aspergillus flavus and Total Aflatoxins Occurrence in Dairy Feed and Aflatoxin M1 in Bovine Milk in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050292. [PMID: 35622539 PMCID: PMC9143994 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of food chains by toxigenic fungi and aflatoxins is a global problem that causes damage to human health, as well as to crop and livestock production. The objective is to evaluate Aspergillus flavus and total aflatoxins (AFs) occurrence in totally mixed rations (TMRs) for dairy cows and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk for human consumption. Ninety-nine dairy production units located in Aguascalientes, Mexico, were randomly selected, and samples were collected from TMRs, raw milk, and milk marketed in the city in two consecutive agricultural cycles. AFs were quantified in TMRs and milk by indirect enzyme immunoassay and HPLC; aflatoxigenic and molecular (PCR) capacity of monosporic A. flavus isolates in the feed was characterized. All feed, raw, and pasteurized milk samples showed aflatoxin contamination (26.0 ± 0.4 µg/kg, 32.0 ± 1.0, and 31.3 ± 0.7 ng/L, respectively), and a significant proportion (90.4, 11.3, and 10.3%) exceeded the locally applied maximum permissible limits for feed and milk (20.0 µg/kg and 50 ng/L). Aflatoxin contamination in both TMRs and milk indicated a seasonal influence, with a higher concentration in the autumn–winter cycle when conditions of higher humidity prevail. The results obtained suggest the existence of contamination by aflatoxigenic A. flavus and aflatoxins in the diet formulated for feeding dairy cows and, consequently, in the dairy food chain of this region of the Mexican Highland Plateau.
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Verma A, Gupta P, Rai N, Tiwari RK, Kumar A, Salvi P, Kamble SC, Singh SK, Gautam V. Assessment of Biological Activities of Fungal Endophytes Derived Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Amoora rohituka. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030285. [PMID: 35330287 PMCID: PMC8952687 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal endophytes have remarkable potential to produce bioactive compounds with numerous pharmacological significance that are used in various disease management and human welfare. In the current study, a total of eight fungal endophytes were isolated from the leaf tissue of Amoora rohituka, and out of which ethyl acetate (EA) extract of Penicillium oxalicum was found to exhibit potential antioxidant activity against DPPH, nitric oxide, superoxide anion and hydroxyl free radicals with EC50 values of 178.30 ± 1.446, 75.79 ± 0.692, 169.28 ± 0.402 and 126.12 ± 0.636 µg/mL, respectively. The significant antioxidant activity of EA extract of P. oxalicum is validated through highest phenolic and flavonoid content, and the presence of unique bioactive components observed through high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting. Moreover, EA extract of P. oxalicum also displayed substantial anti-proliferative activity with IC50 values of 56.81 ± 0.617, 37.24 ± 1.26 and 260.627 ± 5.415 µg/mL against three cancer cells HuT-78, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, respectively. Furthermore, comparative HPTLC fingerprint analysis and antioxidant activity of P. oxalicum revealed that fungal endophyte P. oxalicum produces bioactive compounds in a host-dependent manner. Therefore, the present study signifies that fungal endophyte P. oxalicum associated with the leaf of A. rohituka could be a potential source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Verma
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.V.); (P.G.); (N.R.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Priyamvada Gupta
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.V.); (P.G.); (N.R.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Nilesh Rai
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.V.); (P.G.); (N.R.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Rajan Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (R.K.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (R.K.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Prafull Salvi
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar 140306, India;
| | - Swapnil C. Kamble
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India;
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.V.); (P.G.); (N.R.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.V.); (P.G.); (N.R.); (S.K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-88-6018-2113
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Tilahun S, Alemu M, Tsegaw M, Berhane N. Morphological and Molecular Diversity of Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Pathogenic Fungi in Chilga District, North Gondar, Ethiopia. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 2:765737. [PMID: 37744090 PMCID: PMC10512325 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.765737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Ginger diseases caused by fungal pathogens have become one of the most serious problems causing reduced production around the world. It has also caused a major problem among farmers in different parts of Ethiopia resulting in a huge decline in rhizome yield. However, the exact causative agents of this disease have not been identified in the state. Although there are few studies related to pathogenic fungus identification, molecular level identification of fungal pathogen was not done in the area. Therefore, this study was undertaken to isolate and characterized the fungal causative agent of ginger disease from the diseased plant and the soil samples collected around the diseased plant from Chilga district, Gondar, Ethiopia. Samples from infected ginger plants and the soil around the infected plant were collected. Culturing and purification of isolates were made using Potato Dextrose Agar supplemented with antibacterial agent chloramphenicol. The morphological characterization was done by structural identification of the isolates under the microscope using lactophenol cotton blue stains. Isolated fungi were cultured and molecular identification was done using an internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). A total of 15 fungal morphotypes including 11 Aspergillus spp. (73.3%), 2 Penicillium spp. (13.3%), and single uncultured fungus clone S23 were isolated from the samples representing all the plant organs and the soil. Aspergillus spp. (73.3%) was the most common and seems to be the major causative agent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ginger pathogenic fungi in Ethiopia identified using ITS rDNA molecular techniques. This study will lay foundation for the development of management strategies for fungal diseases infecting ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefinew Tilahun
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Marye Alemu
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Tsegaw
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Berhane
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Mostafa YS, Alamri SA, Alrumman SA, Hashem M, Baka ZA. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against Alternaria solani, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112363. [PMID: 34834726 PMCID: PMC8619153 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by pomegranate and orange peel extracts using a low concentration of AgNO3 solution to controlearly blight of tomato caused by Alternaria solani. The pathogen was isolated from infected tomato plants growing in different areas of Saudi Arabia. The isolates of this pathogen were morphologically and molecularly identified. Extracts from peels of pomegranate and orange fruits effectively developed a simple, quick, eco-friendly and economical method through a synthesis of AgNPs as antifungal agents against A. solani. Phenolic content in the pomegranate peel extract was greater than orange peel extract. Phenolic compounds showed a variation of both peel extracts as identified and quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The phenolic composition displayed variability as the pomegranate peel extract exhibited an exorbitant amount of Quercitrin (23.62 mg/g DW), while orange peel extract recorded a high amount of Chlorogenic acid (5.92 mg/g DW). Biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV- visible spectroscopy which recorded an average wavelength of 437 nm and 450 nm for pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy exhibited 32x73.24, 2223.71, 2047.29 and 1972.46 cm-1, and 3260.70, 1634.62, 1376.62 and 1243.76 cm-1 for pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed spherical shape of nanoparticles. Zetasizer analysis presented negative charge values; -16.9 and -19.5 mV with average particle sizes 8 and 14 nm fin case of pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. In vitro, antifungal assay was done to estimate the possibility of biosynthesized AgNPs and crude extracts of fruit peels to reduce the mycelial growth of A. solani. AgNPs displayed more fungal mycelial inhibition than crude extracts of two peels and AgNO3. We recommend the use of AgNPs synthesized from fruit peels for controlling fungal plant pathogens and may be applied broadly and safely in place by using the chemical fungicides, which display high toxicity for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser S. Mostafa
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia; (Y.S.M.); (S.A.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Saad A. Alamri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia; (Y.S.M.); (S.A.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Sulaiman A. Alrumman
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia; (Y.S.M.); (S.A.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia; (Y.S.M.); (S.A.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.H.)
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut P.O. Box 71515, Egypt
| | - Zakaria A. Baka
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta P.O. Box 34517, Egypt
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Vlajkov V, Grahovac M, Budakov D, Loc M, Pajčin I, Milić D, Novaković T, Grahovac J. Distribution, Genetic Diversity and Biocontrol of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in Serbian Maize Fields. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100687. [PMID: 34678980 PMCID: PMC8540170 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is one of the leading export products in the Republic of Serbia. As a country where economic development depends on agriculture, maize production plays a critical role as a crop of strategic importance. Potential aflatoxin contamination of maize poses a risk to food and feed safety and tremendous economic losses. No aflatoxin contamination of maize samples harvested in 2019 and 2020 in different localities in the Republic of Serbia was detected by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. On the other hand, the Cluster Amplification Patterns (CAP) analyses of the isolated Aspergillus flavus strains from 2019 maize samples confirmed the presence of key biosynthesis genes responsible for aflatoxin production. Artificial inoculation and subsequent HPLC analysis of the inoculated maize samples confirmed the high capacity of the A. flavus strains for aflatoxin production, pointing to a high risk of contamination under favorable conditions. Prevention of aflatoxin contamination is primarily based on A. flavus control, where biocontrol agents play a significant role as sustainable disease management tools. In this study, antagonistic activity screening of the novel strains belonging to the Bacillus genus indicated superior suppression of A. flavus strains by two Bacillus strains isolated from the rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Vlajkov
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.P.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: (V.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Mila Grahovac
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.B.); (M.L.); (D.M.); (T.N.)
- Correspondence: (V.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Dragana Budakov
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.B.); (M.L.); (D.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Marta Loc
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.B.); (M.L.); (D.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Ivana Pajčin
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Dragan Milić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.B.); (M.L.); (D.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Tihomir Novaković
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.B.); (M.L.); (D.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Jovana Grahovac
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.P.); (J.G.)
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