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Park GN, Choe S, Song S, Kim KS, Shin J, An BH, Moon SH, Hyun BH, An DJ. Characterization and Spike Gene Analysis of a Candidate Attenuated Live Bovine Coronavirus Vaccine. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:389. [PMID: 38338032 PMCID: PMC10854572 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The bovine coronavirus (BCoV) KBR-1 strain, obtained from calf diarrhea samples collected in 2017, belongs to group GIIa. To attenuate this strain, it was subcultured continuously (up to 79 times) in HRT-18 cells, followed by 80-120 passages in MDBK cells. The KBR-1-p120 strain harvested from MDBK cells at passage 120 harbored 13 amino acid mutations in the spike gene. Additionally, the KBR-1-p120 strain showed a high viral titer and cytopathogenic effects in MDBK cells. Seven-day-old calves (negative for BCoV antigen and antibodies) that did not consume colostrum were orally inoculated with the attenuated candidate strain (KBR-1-p120), or with KBR-1 passaged 10 times (KBR-1-p10) in HRT-18 cells. Calves inoculated with KBR-1-p10 had a low diarrhea score, and BCoV RNA was detected at 3-7 days post-inoculation (DPI). The virus was also present in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at autopsy; however, calves inoculated with KBR-1-p120 had low levels of BCoV RNA in feces at 4-6 DPI, and no diarrhea. In addition, an extremely small amount of BCoV RNA was present in the jejunum and ileum at autopsy. The small intestines of calves inoculated with KBR-1-p120 were emulsified and used to infect calves two more times, but pathogenicity was not recovered. Therefore, the KBR-1-p120 strain has potential as a live vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (S.S.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.H.M.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (S.S.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.H.M.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (S.S.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.H.M.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (S.S.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.H.M.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (S.S.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.H.M.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Byung-Hyun An
- Department of Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Soo Hyun Moon
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (S.S.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.H.M.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (S.S.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.H.M.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (S.S.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.H.M.); (B.-H.H.)
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Bwogi J, Karamagi C, Byarugaba DK, Tushabe P, Kiguli S, Namuwulya P, Malamba SS, Jere KC, Desselberger U, Iturriza-Gomara M. Co-Surveillance of Rotaviruses in Humans and Domestic Animals in Central Uganda Reveals Circulation of Wide Genotype Diversity in the Animals. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030738. [PMID: 36992447 PMCID: PMC10052166 DOI: 10.3390/v15030738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus genotypes are species specific. However, interspecies transmission is reported to result in the emergence of new genotypes. A cross-sectional study of 242 households with 281 cattle, 418 goats, 438 pigs, and 258 humans in Uganda was undertaken between 2013 and 2014. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and genotypes of rotaviruses across co-habiting host species, as well as potential cross-species transmission. Rotavirus infection in humans and animals was determined using NSP3 targeted RT-PCR and ProSpecT Rotavirus ELISA tests, respectively. Genotyping of rotavirus-positive samples was by G- and P-genotype specific primers in nested RT-PCR assays while genotyping of VP4 and VP7 proteins for the non-typeable human positive sample was done by Sanger sequencing. Mixed effect logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with rotavirus infection in animals. The prevalence of rotavirus was 4.1% (95% CI: 3.0–5.5%) among the domestic animals and 0.8% (95% CI: 0.4–1.5%) in humans. The genotypes in human samples were G9P[8] and P[4]. In animals, six G-genotypes, G3(2.5%), G8(10%), G9(10%), G11(26.8%), G10(35%), and G12(42.5%), and nine P-genotypes, P[1](2.4%), P[4](4.9%), P[5](7.3%), P[6](14.6%), P[7](7.3%), P[8](9.8%), P[9](9.8%), P[10](12.2%), and P[11](17.1%), were identified. Animals aged 2 to 18 months were less likely to have rotavirus infection in comparison with animals below 2 months of age. No inter-host species transmission was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Bwogi
- EPI Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, 51–59 Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
- Correspondence: or
| | - Charles Karamagi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Denis Karuhize Byarugaba
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Phionah Tushabe
- EPI Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, 51–59 Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda
| | - Sarah Kiguli
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Prossy Namuwulya
- EPI Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, 51–59 Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda
| | - Samuel S. Malamba
- Northern Uganda Program on Health Sciences, c/o Uganda Virus Research Institute, 51–59 Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda
| | - Khuzwayo C. Jere
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme (MLW), Blantyre P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health Profession, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre P.O. Box 30184, Malawi
| | | | - Miren Iturriza-Gomara
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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Liu Y, Liu L, Wang J, Sun X, Gao Y, Yuan W, Wang J, Li R. Rapid detection of bovine rotavirus a by isothermal reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assays. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:339. [PMID: 36076203 PMCID: PMC9453720 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine rotavirus A (BRVA) is considered to be the most common pathogen of severe diarrhea in cattle worldwide, which could lead to the death of newborn calves and cause the significant economic losses to the cattle industry. As a novel isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) has been applied widely for the rapid detection of different important pathogens in human and animals. Results An RT-RPA assay based on the real time fluorescence monitoring (real-time RT-RPA) and an RT-RPA assay combined with a lateral flow strip (LFS RT-RPA) were successfully developed by targeting the VP6 gene of BRVA. The RT-RPA assays allowed the exponential amplification of the target fragment in 20 min. After incubation of the LFS RT-RPA on a metal bath at 40 °C, the results were displayed on the lateral flow strip within 5 min, while real-time RT-RPA allowed the real-time observation of the results in Genie III at 42 °C. Both of the two assays showed high specificity for BRVA without any cross-reaction with the other tested pathogens causing diarrhea in cattle. With the standard RNA of BRVA serving as a template, the limit of detection for real-time RT-RPA and LFS RT-RPA were 1.4 × 102 copies per reaction and 1.4 × 101 copies per reaction, respectively. In the 134 fecal samples collected from cattle with diarrhea, the BRVA positive rate were 45.52% (61/134) and 46.27% (62/134) in real-time RT-RPA and LFS RT-RPA, respectively. Compared to a previously published real-time PCR, the real-time RT-RPA and LFS RT-RPA showed a diagnostic specificity of 100%, diagnostic sensitivity of 98.39% and 100%, and a kappa coefficient of 0.985 and 1.0, respectively. Conclusions In this study, BRVA was successfully detected in cattle fecal samples by the developed real-time RT-RPA and LFS RT-RPA assays. The developed RT-RPA assays had great potential for the rapid detection of BRVA in under-equipped diagnostic laboratory and the point-of-need diagnosis at quarantine stations and farms, which is of great importance to control BRVA-associated diarrhea in cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No.2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Libing Liu
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, No.318 Heping Xi Lu, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, No.318 Heping Xi Lu, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, No.318 Heping Xi Lu, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No.2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No.2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchang Wang
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, No.318 Heping Xi Lu, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruiwen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No.2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, People's Republic of China.
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Wong JT, Lane JK, Allan FK, Vidal G, Vance C, Donadeu M, Jackson W, Nwankpa V, Abera S, Mekonnen GA, Kebede N, Admassu B, Amssalu K, Lemma A, Fentie T, Smith W, Peters AR. Reducing Calf Mortality in Ethiopia. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162126. [PMID: 36009716 PMCID: PMC9405078 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Disease and death of young livestock cause financial and production difficulties to farmers around the world. High rates of disease and death occur in various production systems in Ethiopia, hampering livestock production, reducing incomes, and damaging livelihoods. Over the last 10 years, studies carried out in Ethiopia have reported death and disease incidence rates in young livestock as high as 31% and 67%, respectively. Diarrhea and respiratory infections are the two leading causes of disease and death in calves in all production systems. In this paper, we describe findings from the experience of the Young Stock Mortality Reduction Consortium. This unique group produced important information on the main causes of disease and death in Ethiopia and created activities for small-scale farmers to address these problems. We found that several diseases caused diarrhea and respiratory infections in young calves in Ethiopia. Improving farmer knowledge and behaviors with respect to basic livestock management led to considerable reductions in young livestock disease and death and has the potential to help improve livestock productivity and human livelihoods in Ethiopia. Abstract Morbidity and mortality of young stock present economic and production challenges to livestock producers globally. In Ethiopia, calf morbidity and mortality rates, particularly due to diarrhea and respiratory disease, are high, limiting production, incomes, and the ability of farmers to improve their livelihoods. In this paper, we present findings from the combined experience of the Young Stock Mortality Reduction Consortium, which conducted epidemiological and intervention testing in calves across three production systems. This innovative alliance identified Cryptosporidium parvum and E. Coli K99 as the most common causes of diarrhea in pastoral and peri-urban calves; Strongyloides spp. as the most common fecal parasite in mixed crop–livestock and peri-urban calves; and bovine adenovirus, parainfluenza virus-3, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus as the most common respiratory pathogens in peri-urban calves. Furthermore, by improving producer knowledge with respect to fundamental livestock husbandry, feeding, housing, and neonatal care practices, calf mortality risk across production systems was reduced by 31.4 to 71.4% compared to baseline (between 10.5 and 32.1%), whereas risk of diarrhea was reduced by 52.6–75.3% (baseline between 11.4 and 30.4%) and risk of respiratory disease was reduced by 23.6–80.8% (baseline between 3.3 and 16.3%). These findings have informed scaling strategies and can potentially contribute to improved livestock productivity and human livelihoods in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna T. Wong
- Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jennifer K. Lane
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Fiona K. Allan
- Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Gema Vidal
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ciara Vance
- Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Meritxell Donadeu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Wendi Jackson
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Veronica Nwankpa
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Shubisa Abera
- Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebeta P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia
| | | | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Admassu
- Feinstein International Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Kassaw Amssalu
- Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 62347, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Lemma
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaw Fentie
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Tewodros Campus, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 169, Ethiopia
| | - Woutrina Smith
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew R. Peters
- Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Chen S, Zhang W, Zhai J, Chen X, Qi Y. Prevalence of bovine rotavirus among cattle in mainland China: A meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2022; 170:105727. [PMID: 35988882 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine rotavirus is the primary pathogen causing diarrhea in cattle and can be transmitted vertically through the placenta. It mainly presents with clinical signs such as depression, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the prevalence of BRV infection in mainland China. We conducted a literature search on the prevalence of BRV infection in pigs between Jan 1, 1979 and Dec 31, 2021 in English and Chinese databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, Clinical Trials, VIP, CNKI, and WanFang database. Selections were made based on the title and the abstract of the paper, Search strings included if they reported the cattle samples of more than 15 cattle and provided information that allowed us to establish the prevalence of BRV. Moreover, we excluded repeated studies, reviews, other hosts. Finally, we extracted the number of cattle with BRV infection from the obtained studies and provided information that permitted us to estimate the prevalence of BRV infection in cattle in mainland China. RESULTS The data of 29 articles (including data on 10677 cattle) are compliant with the standards. The pooled prevalence of BRV in cattle in China was 46%(6635/10677), the pooled prevalence of BRV in cattle from Northeast China (40%) was significantly lower than those from other regions. In addition, the prevalence of BRV was associated with publication time of paper, detection methods, age of cattle, and clinical symptoms(diarrhea, etc.). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that BRV infection is common among cattle in China. It is, therefore, necessary to carry out further research and monitor the prevalence of BRV infection. Furthermore, powerful and effective regulatory measures should be taken to prevent the transmission and spread of BRV among cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiyun Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 23310, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 23310, China
| | - Junjun Zhai
- Shanxi Province Engineering & Technology Research Center of Shanbei Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Shanxi Province, Yulin, 719000, China
| | - Xuelong Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 23310, China.
| | - Yanping Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 23310, China.
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Isolation, Identification, and Susceptibility Profile of E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus in Dairy Farm and Their Public Health Implication in Central Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:1887977. [PMID: 35198138 PMCID: PMC8860541 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1887977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to May 2019 in Bishoftu and Dukem in central part of Ethiopia. The objectives of the present study were to isolate and identify S. aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella from dairy cattle, personnel, and equipment at farms. In addition to this, antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates were determined. A total of 607 samples consisting of fresh cow milk (125), fecal sample (211), nasal swab (211), pooled milkers' hand swabs (20), pooled floor swabs (20), and tank milk (20) samples were collected from 20 dairy farms, which included 211 animals. Structured questionnaire was designed and administered to dairy farm owners and dairy food consumers to assess their consumption behavior and antibiotics usage. The samples were examined for the presence of S. aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella following standard techniques and procedures outlined by the International Organization for Standardization. Subsequently, 62 (15.7%) of S. aureus were isolated from 396 of the totals analyzed samples for S. aureus. Out of the 62 isolated S. aureus, 35/211(16.7%), 19/125(15.2%), 6/20(30%), 2/20(10%), and 0/20(0%) were from nasal swabs, udder milk, bulk milk, pooled hand swab, and floor swabs, respectively. On the other hand, 30 (7.6%) of E. coli were isolated from 396 of the totals analyzed samples for E. coli. Out of the 30 isolated E. coli, 17/211(8.1%), 12/125(9.6%), 0/20(0%), 0/20(0%), and 1/20(5%) were from faeces, udder milk, bulk milk, pooled hand swab, and floor swabs, respectively. In line with this, 13 (4.8%) of Salmonella were isolated from 271 of the totals analyzed samples for Salmonella. Out of the 13 isolated Salmonella, 10/211(4.7%), 2/20(10%), 0/20(0%), and 1/20(5%) were from faeces, bulk milk, pooled hand swab, and floor swabs, respectively. Subsequently, 62 of S. aureus, 30 of E. coli, and 13 of Salmonella isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and all isolates were resistant to at least one or more antimicrobials tested. Penicillin, methicillin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are drugs to which a large proportion of isolated S. aureus were highly resistant, which range from 90% to 100%. From 30 tested E. coli, they showed (83%) resistance to Tetracycline and 80% to Vancomycin. The resistance level of 13 isolated Salmonella was 69% to Nalidixic acid and 54% to Vancomycin. Multiple drug resistance was detected in high (98.4%) for S. aureus, (56.7%) for E. coli, and (53.9%) for Salmonella. High proportion of multiple drug resistant in the dairy farm alerts concern for animal and public health as these drugs are used widely for treatment and prophylaxis in animals and humans.
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Prevalence of Bovine Rotavirus and Coronavirus in Neonatal Calves in Dairy Farms of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Preliminary Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5778455. [PMID: 34796233 PMCID: PMC8595031 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5778455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Bovine rotavirus (BRV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) are the most common viral agents in neonatal calf diarrhea and result in serious economic consequences. The aim of the study was to determine the epidemiology of those viruses in randomly selected dairy farms of Addis Ababa. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to April 2019 using a probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling technique. A total of 110 calves, less than 30 days of age, from 57 dairy herds were involved in the study. Associated factors of herds and calves were collected using semistructured interviews from farm owners and through physical observation of selected calves. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed using the sandwich ELISA method. Data generated from both semistructured interviews and laboratory investigation were analyzed using STATA_MP version 15. Results From the total 110 calves, 42 (38.18%) had diarrhea during the survey. The prevalence of bovine rotavirus and coronavirus was 3.64% (4/110) and 0.91% (1/110), respectively. Diarrhea, feeding colostrum timing, and sex of the neonatal calves had statistically significant association with bovine rotavirus infection (p < 0.05). All rotavirus-positive neonatal calves were identified in small scale dairy farms and in dairy farms that reported mortality though they lack statistically significant association. Only one coronavirus case was detected among the neonatal calves. The case was identified among small scale herds and in a herd with diarrheal cases. The sex of the coronavirus calf was female, diarrheic, and among 11-20 days old. Conclusion The prevalence of rotavirus and coronavirus infections in neonatal calves was seldom in dairy farms of the study area. Rotavirus was more common than coronavirus, and further studies should be initiated on other (infectious and noninfectious) causes of neonatal calf diarrhea in the area.
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Rotavirus in Calves and Its Zoonotic Importance. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:6639701. [PMID: 33968359 PMCID: PMC8081619 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6639701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is a major pathogen responsible for diarrheal disease in calves, resulting in loss of productivity and economy of farmers. However, various facets of diarrheal disease caused by rotavirus in calves in the world are inadequately understood, considering that diarrheal disease caused by rotavirus is a vital health problem in calves that interrupts production benefits with reduced weight gain and increased mortality, and its potential for zoonotic spread. The pathological changes made by rotavirus are almost exclusively limited to the small intestine that leads to diarrhea. It is environmentally distributed worldwide and was extensively studied. Reassortment is one of the important mechanisms for generating genetic diversity of rotaviruses and eventually for viral evolution. So, the primary strategy is to reduce the burden of rotavirus infections by practicing early colostrum's feeding in newborn calves, using vaccine, and improving livestock management. Rotaviruses have a wide host range, infecting many animal species as well as humans. As it was found that certain animal rotavirus strains had antigenic similarities to some human strains, this may be an indication for an animal to play a role as a source of rotavirus infection in humans. Groups A to C have been shown to infect both humans and animals. The most commonly detected strains in both human and animals are G2, G3, G4, and G9, P [6]. Therefore, this review was made to get overview epidemiology status and zoonotic importance of bovine rotavirus.
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