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Belga FN, Waindok P, Raulf MK, Jato J, Orman E, Rehbein S, Spiegler V, Liebau E, Hensel A, Ndjonka D, Strube C. Phytochemical analysis and anthelmintic activity of Combretum mucronatum leaf extract against infective larvae of soil-transmitted helminths including ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:99. [PMID: 38429804 PMCID: PMC10905826 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infect more than a quarter of the world's human population. In the absence of vaccines for most animal and human gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), treatment of infections primarily relies on anthelmintic drugs, while resistance is a growing threat. Therefore, there is a need to find alternatives to current anthelmintic drugs, especially those with novel modes of action. The present work aimed to study the composition and anthelmintic activity of Combretum mucronatum leaf extract (CMLE) by phytochemical analysis and larval migration inhibition assays, respectively. METHODS Combretum mucronatum leaves were defatted with petroleum ether and the residue was extracted by ethanol/water (1/1) followed by freeze-drying. The proanthocyanidins and flavonoids were characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). To evaluate the inhibitory activity of this extract, larval migration assays with STH and GIN were performed. For this purpose, infective larvae of the helminths were, if necessary, exsheathed (Ancylostoma caninum, GIN) and incubated with different concentrations of CMLE. RESULTS CMLE was found to be rich in flavonoids and proanthocyanidins; catechin and epicatechin were therefore quantified for standardization of the extract. Data indicate that CMLE had a significant effect on larval migration. The effect was dose-dependent and higher concentrations (1000 µg/mL) exerted significantly higher larvicidal effect (P < 0.001) compared with the negative control (1% dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO) and lower concentrations (≤ 100 µg/ml). Infective larvae of Ascaris suum [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 5.5 µg/mL], Trichuris suis (IC50 = 7.4 µg/mL), and A. caninum (IC50 = 18.9 µg/mL) were more sensitive to CMLE than that of Toxocara canis (IC50 = 310.0 µg/mL), while infective larvae of Toxocara cati were largely unaffected (IC50 > 1000 µg/mL). Likewise, CMLE was active against most infective larvae of soil-transmitted ruminant GIN, except for Cooperia punctata. Trichostrongylus colubriformis was most sensitive to CMLE (IC50 = 2.1 µg/mL) followed by Cooperia oncophora (IC50 = 27.6 µg/mL), Ostertagia ostertagi (IC50 = 48.5 µg/mL), Trichostrongylus axei (IC50 = 54.7 µg/mL), Haemonchus contortus (IC50 = 145.6 µg/mL), and Cooperia curticei (IC50 = 156.6 µg/mL). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that CMLE exhibits promising anthelmintic properties against infective larvae of a large variety of soil-transmitted nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Ngnodandi Belga
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P. O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Patrick Waindok
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marie-Kristin Raulf
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Orman
- School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Steffen Rehbein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Verena Spiegler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Eva Liebau
- Institute of Biology and Plant Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossgarten 3, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dieudonné Ndjonka
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P. O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Kim JW, Kim H, Park H, Yoon JS, Kim MI, Ko JW, Kim TW. Repeated oral dose toxicity and genotoxicity of a standardized Quisqualis indica extract. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:577-589. [PMID: 36277358 PMCID: PMC9532493 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quisqualis indica L. of Combretaceae family is a traditional medicine that is widely used for various gastrointestinal discomfort including stomach pain, constipation, and digestive problem. In this study, the potential repeated dose toxicity and genotoxicity of a standardized Quisqualis indica L. extract (HU033) were determined under good laboratory practice conditions. For the repeated dose toxicity test, HU033 was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day for 13 consecutive weeks. The genotoxicity of HU033 was determined with a standard battery of genotoxicity test, including an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo micronucleus test. After 13 weeks of repeated dose of HU033 by oral administration, there was no treatment related adverse clinical sign including food consumption, organ weights, and histopathological findings or significant decrement in bodyweight. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of HU033 was higher than 2000 mg/kg in both male and female SD rats. No target organs were identified. In addition, no evidence of HU033 genotoxicity was detected based on results from the bacterial reverse mutation test, chromosomal aberration test, and micronucleus test. Based on results of this study, HU033 could be safely used in food and medical products within the tested dose range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34131 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Kim
- R&D Center, Huons. Co. Ltd., College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Kyeonggi-do 15588 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Park
- R&D Center, Huons. Co. Ltd., College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Kyeonggi-do 15588 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Yoon
- R&D Center, Huons. Co. Ltd., College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Kyeonggi-do 15588 Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Il Kim
- R&D Center, Huons. Co. Ltd., College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Kyeonggi-do 15588 Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Won Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34131 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 FOUR Program), Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34131 Republic of Korea
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