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Zhu Y, Chen T, Feng T, Zhang J, Meng Z, Zhang N, Luo G, Wang Z, Pang Y, Zhou Y. Fabrication and Biological Activities of All-in-One Composite Nanoemulsion Based on Blumea balsamifera Oil-Tea Tree Oil. Molecules 2023; 28:5889. [PMID: 37570859 PMCID: PMC10420664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsion is a new multi-component drug delivery system; the selection of different oil phases can give it special physiological activity, and play the role of "medicine and pharmaceutical excipients all-in-one". In this paper, we used glycyrrhizic acid as the natural surfactant, and Blumea balsamifera oil (BB) and tea tree oil (TTO) as the mixed oil phase, to obtain a new green functional composite nanoemulsion. Using the average particle size and polydispersion index (PDI) as the evaluation criteria, the effects of the oil ratio, oil content, glycyrrhizic acid concentration, and ultrasonic time on the nanoemulsion were systematically investigated. The stability and physicochemical properties and biological activities of BB-TTO NEs prepared via the optimum formulation were characterized. The optimal prescription was BB: TTO = 1:1, 5% oil phase, 0.7% glycyrrhizic acid, and 5 min ultrasonication time. The mean particle size, PDI, and zeta potential were 160.01 nm, 0.125, and -50.94 mV, respectively. The nanoemulsion showed non-significant changes in stability after centrifugation, dilution, and 120 days storage. These nanoemulsions were found to exhibit potential antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BB-TTO NEs against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 2975 μg/mL, 2975 μg/mL, and 5950 μg/mL, respectively. A lower level of inflammatory cell infiltration and proportion of fibrosis were found in the synovial tissue of AIA rats treated with BB-TTO NEs. These findings demonstrate that the BB-TTO NEs produced in this study have significant potential for usage in antibacterial and anti-inflammatory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Meidicine, Guiyang 550025, China
- Nano-Drug Technology Research Center, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Teng Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Meidicine, Guiyang 550025, China
- Nano-Drug Technology Research Center, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Meidicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zejing Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Meidicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoringand Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zuhua Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Meidicine, Guiyang 550025, China
- Nano-Drug Technology Research Center, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuxin Pang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Meidicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Meidicine, Guiyang 550025, China
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Liao T, Mei W, Zhang L, Ding L, Yang N, Wang P, Zhang L. L-carnitine alleviates synovitis in knee osteoarthritis by regulating lipid accumulation and mitochondrial function through the AMPK-ACC-CPT1 signaling pathway. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:386. [PMID: 37237380 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a disability-associated condition that is rapidly growing with the increase in obesity rates worldwide. There is a pressing need for precise management and timely intervention in the development of KOA. L-carnitine has been frequently recommended as a supplement to increase physical activity in obese individuals due to its role in fatty acid metabolism, immune disorders, and in maintaining the mitochondrial acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of L-carnitine on KOA and delineate a potential molecular mechanism. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated primary rat fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were treated with an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor or siRNA and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) siRNA to examine the synovial protective effects of L-carnitine. An anterior cruciate ligament transection model of rats was treated with an AMPK agonist (metformin) and CPT1 inhibitor (etomoxir) to define the therapeutic effects of L-carnitine. RESULTS L-carnitine displayed a protective effect against synovitis of KOA in vitro and in vivo experiments. Specifically, L-carnitine treatment can reduce synovitis by inhibiting AMPK-ACC-CPT1 pathway activation and showed an increase in fatty acid β-oxidation, a lower lipid accumulation, and a noticeable improvement in mitochondrial function. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that L-carnitine can mitigate synovitis in FLS and synovial tissue, and the underlying mechanism may be related to improving mitochondrial function and reducing lipid accumulation via the AMPK-ACC-CPT1 signaling pathway. Therefore, L-carnitine may be a potential treatment strategy for KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyang Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liang Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peimin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Abstract
Joint pain is the hallmark symptom of osteoarthritis (OA) and the main reason for patients to seek medical assistance. OA pain greatly contributes to functional limitations of joints and reduced quality of life. Although several pain-relieving medications are available for OA treatment, the current intervention strategy for OA pain cannot provide satisfactory pain relief, and the chronic use of the drugs for pain management is often associated with significant side effects and toxicities. These observations suggest that the mechanisms of OA-related pain remain undefined. The current review mainly focuses on the characteristics and mechanisms of OA pain. We evaluate pathways associated with OA pain, such as nerve growth factor (NGF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), C–C motif chemokine ligands 2 (CCL2)/chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In addition, animal models currently used for OA pain studies and emerging preclinical studies are discussed. Understanding the multifactorial components contributing to OA pain could provide novel insights into the development of more specific and effective drugs for OA pain management.
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