1
|
Zhou Z, Mai Y, Zhang G, Wang Y, Sun P, Jing Z, Li Z, Xu Y, Han B, Liu J. Emerging role of immunogenic cell death in cancer immunotherapy: Advancing next-generation CAR-T cell immunotherapy by combination. Cancer Lett 2024; 598:217079. [PMID: 38936505 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a stress-driven form of regulated cell death (RCD) in which dying tumor cells' specific signaling pathways are activated to release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to the robust anti-tumor immune response as well as a reversal of the tumor immune microenvironment from "cold" to "hot". Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, as a landmark in anti-tumor immunotherapy, plays a formidable role in hematologic malignancies but falls short in solid tumors. The Gordian knot of CAR-T cells for solid tumors includes but is not limited to, tumor antigen heterogeneity or absence, physical and immune barriers of tumors. The combination of ICD induction therapy and CAR-T cell immunotherapy is expected to promote the intensive use of CAR-T cell in solid tumors. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of ICD, stress-responsive mechanism, and the synergistic effect of various ICD-based therapies with CAR-T cells to effectively improve anti-tumor capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokai Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yumiao Mai
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Pan Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zhaohe Jing
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zhengrui Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yudi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu Q, Li H, Wu Z, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, Yang D, Tong A. BCMA/CD47-directed universal CAR-T cells exhibit excellent antitumor activity in multiple myeloma. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:279. [PMID: 38783333 PMCID: PMC11112799 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BCMA-directed autologous chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells have shown excellent clinical efficacy in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), however, the current preparation process for autologous CAR-T cells is complicated and costly. Moreover, the upregulation of CD47 expression has been observed in multiple myeloma, and anti-CD47 antibodies have shown remarkable results in clinical trials. Therefore, we focus on the development of BCMA/CD47-directed universal CAR-T (UCAR-T) cells to improve these limitations. METHODS In this study, we employed phage display technology to screen nanobodies against BCMA and CD47 protein, and determined the characterization of nanobodies. Furthermore, we simultaneously disrupted the endogenous TRAC and B2M genes of T cells using CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate TCR and HLA double knock-out T cells, and developed BCMA/CD47-directed UCAR-T cells and detected the antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We obtained fourteen and one specific nanobodies against BCMA and CD47 protein from the immunized VHH library, respectively. BCMA/CD47-directed UCAR-T cells exhibited superior CAR expression (89.13-98.03%), and effectively killing primary human MM cells and MM cell lines. BCMA/CD47-directed UCAR-T cells demonstrated excellent antitumor activity against MM and prolonged the survival of tumor-engrafted NCG mice in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrated that BCMA/CD47-directed UCAR-T cells exhibited potent antitumor activity against MM in vitro and in vivo, which provides a potential strategy for the development of a novel "off-the-shelf" cellular immunotherapies for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qizhong Lu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hexian Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhiguo Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zongliang Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Donghui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Esmaeilzadeh A, Hadiloo K, Jabbari M, Elahi R. Current progress of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T versus CAR NK cell for immunotherapy of solid tumors. Life Sci 2024; 337:122381. [PMID: 38145710 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Equipping cancer-fighting immune cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has gained immense attention for cancer treatment. CAR-engineered T cells (CAR T cells) are the first immune-engineered cells that have achieved brilliant results in anti-cancer therapy. Despite promising anti-cancer features, CAR T cells could also cause fatal side effects and have shown inadequate efficacy in some studies. This has led to the introduction of other candidates for CAR transduction, e.g., Natural killer cells (NK cells). Regarding the better safety profile and anti-cancer properties, CAR-armored NK cells (CAR NK cells) could be a beneficial and suitable alternative to CAR T cells. Since introducing these two cells as anti-cancer structures, several studies have investigated their efficacy and safety, and most of them have focused on hematological malignancies. Solid tumors have unique properties that make them more resistant and less curable cancers than hematological malignancies. In this review article, we conduct a comprehensive review of the structure and properties of CAR NK and CAR T cells, compare the recent experience of immunotherapy with CAR T and CAR NK cells in various solid cancers, and overview current challenges and future solutions to battle solid cancers using CARNK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Kaveh Hadiloo
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Marjan Jabbari
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Elahi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dandia HY, Pillai MM, Sharma D, Suvarna M, Dalal N, Madhok A, Ingle A, Chiplunkar SV, Galande S, Tayalia P. Acellular scaffold-based approach for in situ genetic engineering of host T-cells in solid tumor immunotherapy. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:3. [PMID: 38173045 PMCID: PMC10765574 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted T-cell therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, its application to solid tumors presents significant challenges due to the limited accessibility and heterogeneity. Localized delivery of tumor-specific T-cells using biomaterials has shown promise, however, procedures required for genetic modification and generation of a sufficient number of tumor-specific T-cells ex vivo remain major obstacles due to cost and time constraints. METHODS Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds were developed and conjugated with positively charged poly-L-lysine (PLL) using carbamide chemistry for efficient loading of lentiviruses (LVs) carrying tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs). The physical and biological properties of the scaffold were extensively characterized. Further, the scaffold loaded with OVA-TCR LVs was implanted in B16F10 cells expressing ovalbumin (B16-OVA) tumor model to evaluate the anti-tumor response and the presence of transduced T-cells. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that the scaffolds do not induce any systemic inflammation upon subcutaneous implantation and effectively recruit T-cells to the site. In B16-OVA melanoma tumor-bearing mice, the scaffolds efficiently transduce host T-cells with OVA-specific TCRs. These genetically modified T-cells exhibit homing capability towards the tumor and secondary lymphoid organs, resulting in a significant reduction of tumor size and systemic increase in anti-tumor cytokines. Immune cell profiling revealed a significantly high percentage of transduced T-cells and a notable reduction in suppressor immune cells within the tumors of mice implanted with these scaffolds. CONCLUSION Our scaffold-based T-cell therapy presents an innovative in situ localized approach for programming T-cells to target solid tumors. This approach offers a viable alternative to in vitro manipulation of T-cells, circumventing the need for large-scale in vitro generation and culture of tumor-specific T-cells. It offers an off-the-shelf alternative that facilitates the use of host cells instead of allogeneic cells, thereby, overcoming a major hurdle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiren Y Dandia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Mamatha M Pillai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Meghna Suvarna
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Neha Dalal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Ayush Madhok
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Arvind Ingle
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Shubhada V Chiplunkar
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Prakriti Tayalia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maher J. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy for Patients with Lung Cancer: Current Perspectives. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:515-532. [PMID: 37425981 PMCID: PMC10327905 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s341179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T-cells has achieved unprecedented efficacy in selected hematological cancers. However, solid tumors such as lung cancer impose several additional challenges to the attainment of clinical success using this emerging therapeutic modality. Lung cancer is the biggest cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, accounting for approximately 1.8 million deaths worldwide each year. Obstacles to the development of CAR T-cell immunotherapy for lung cancer include the selection of safe tumor-selective targets, accounting for the large number of candidates that have been evaluated thus far. Tumor heterogeneity is also a key hurdle, meaning that single target-based approaches are susceptible to therapeutic failure through the emergence of antigen null cancers. There is also a need to enable CAR T-cells to traffic efficiently to sites of disease, to infiltrate tumor deposits and to operate within the hostile tumor microenvironment formed by solid tumors, resisting the onset of exhaustion. Multiple immune, metabolic, physical and chemical barriers operate at the core of malignant lesions, with potential for further heterogeneity and evolution in the face of selective therapeutic pressures. Although the extraordinarily adaptable nature of lung cancers has recently been unmasked, immunotherapy using immune checkpoint blockade can achieve long-term disease control in a small number of patients, establishing clinical proof of concept that immunotherapies can control advanced lung carcinomas. This review summarizes pre-clinical CAR T-cell research that is specifically focused on lung cancer in addition to published and ongoing clinical trial activity. A number of advanced engineering strategies are also described which are designed to bridge the gap to the attainment of meaningful efficacy using genetically engineered T-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Maher
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN21 2UD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hao Y, Zhou X, Li Y, Li B, Cheng L. The CD47-SIRPα axis is a promising target for cancer immunotherapies. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110255. [PMID: 37187126 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 47(CD47) is a transmembrane protein that is ubiquitously found on the surface of many cells in the body and uniquely overexpressed by both solid and hematologic malignant cells. CD47 interacts with signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα), to trigger a "don't eat me" signal and thereby achieve cancer immune escape by inhibiting macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. Thus, blocking the CD47-SIRPα phagocytosis checkpoint, for release of the innate immune system, is a current research focus. Indeed, targeting the CD47-SIRPα axis as a cancer immunotherapy has shown promising efficacies in pre-clinical outcomes. Here, we first reviewed the origin, structure, and function of the CD47-SIRPα axis. Then, we reviewed its role as a target for cancer immunotherapies, as well as the factors regulating CD47-SIRPα axis-based immunotherapies. We specifically focused on the mechanism and progress of CD47-SIRPα axis-based immunotherapies and their combination with other treatment strategies. Finally, we discussed the challenges and directions for future research and identified potential CD47-SIRPα axis-based therapies that are suitable for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maher J, Davies DM. CAR-Based Immunotherapy of Solid Tumours-A Survey of the Emerging Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1171. [PMID: 36831514 PMCID: PMC9953954 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with CAR T-cells has revolutionised the treatment of B-cell and plasma cell-derived cancers. However, solid tumours present a much greater challenge for treatment using CAR-engineered immune cells. In a partner review, we have surveyed data generated in clinical trials in which patients with solid tumours that expressed any of 30 discrete targets were treated with CAR-based immunotherapy. That exercise confirms that efficacy of this approach falls well behind that seen in haematological malignancies, while significant toxic events have also been reported. Here, we consider approximately 60 additional candidates for which such clinical data are not available yet, but where pre-clinical data have provided support for their advancement to clinical evaluation as CAR target antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Maher
- CAR Mechanics Group, Guy’s Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne BN21 2UD, UK
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - David M. Davies
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ye ZH, Yu WB, Huang MY, Chen J, Lu JJ. Building on the backbone of CD47-based therapy in cancer: Combination strategies, mechanisms, and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1467-1487. [PMID: 37139405 PMCID: PMC10149906 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Described as a "don't eat me" signal, CD47 becomes a vital immune checkpoint in cancer. Its interaction with signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) prevents macrophage phagocytosis. In recent years, a growing body of evidences have unveiled that CD47-based combination therapy exhibits a superior anti-cancer effect. Latest clinical trials about CD47 have adopted the regimen of collaborating with other therapies or developing CD47-directed bispecific antibodies, indicating the combination strategy as a general trend of the future. In this review, clinical and preclinical cases about the current combination strategies targeting CD47 are collected, their underlying mechanisms of action are discussed, and ideas from future perspectives are shared.
Collapse
|
9
|
Qu C, Zhang H, Cao H, Tang L, Mo H, Liu F, Zhang L, Yi Z, Long L, Yan L, Wang Z, Zhang N, Luo P, Zhang J, Liu Z, Ye W, Liu Z, Cheng Q. Tumor buster - where will the CAR-T cell therapy 'missile' go? Mol Cancer 2022; 21:201. [PMID: 36261831 PMCID: PMC9580202 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell (CAR-T cell) therapy based on gene editing technology represents a significant breakthrough in personalized immunotherapy for human cancer. This strategy uses genetic modification to enable T cells to target tumor-specific antigens, attack specific cancer cells, and bypass tumor cell apoptosis avoidance mechanisms to some extent. This method has been extensively used to treat hematologic diseases, but the therapeutic effect in solid tumors is not ideal. Tumor antigen escape, treatment-related toxicity, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) limit their use of it. Target selection is the most critical aspect in determining the prognosis of patients receiving this treatment. This review provides a comprehensive summary of all therapeutic targets used in the clinic or shown promising potential. We summarize CAR-T cell therapies’ clinical trials, applications, research frontiers, and limitations in treating different cancers. We also explore coping strategies when encountering sub-optimal tumor-associated antigens (TAA) or TAA loss. Moreover, the importance of CAR-T cell therapy in cancer immunotherapy is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunrun Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, The Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The School of Clinical Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lanhua Tang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haoyang Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenjie Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lifu Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Luzhe Yan
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,One-third Lab, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weijie Ye
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qu S, Jiao Z, Lu G, Xu J, Yao B, Wang T, Wang J, Yao Y, Yan X, Wang T, Liang H, Zen K. Human lung adenocarcinoma CD47 is upregulated by interferon-γ and promotes tumor metastasis. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 25:276-287. [PMID: 35663227 PMCID: PMC9127120 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells can evade attack by phagocytes by upregulating the self-marker CD47. The mechanisms underlying tumor CD47 upregulation, however, remain unclear. Here, we report that human lung adenocarcinoma CD47 is upregulated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), the level in the tumor microenvironment of which is markedly increased after tumor metastasis and chemotherapy. The IFN-γ receptor is expressed in various human lung adenocarcinoma tissues regardless of the CD47 protein expression, and lung adenocarcinoma CD47 expression is significantly enhanced following tumor metastasis or chemotherapy treatment. In line with this, CD47 expression in various lung cancer cells is markedly increased by IFN-γ treatment. Mechanistically, IFN-γ promotes CD47 expression by activating interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), which binds to an IRF-1-binding domain within the CD47 promoter region and increases CD47 transcription. Functionally, IFN-γ-enhanced CD47 expression facilitates human lung cancer cell invasion both in vitro and in vivo, whereas IFN-γ-induced CD47 upregulation and cancer metastasis are blocked by mutating the IRF-1-binding site within the CD47 promoter. Our results reveal IFN-γ-enhanced CD47 expression as a novel mechanism promoting human lung adenocarcinoma progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Zichen Jiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Geng Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiahan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yongzhong Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- Corresponding author Tao Wang, Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Hongwei Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
- Corresponding author Hongwei Liang, Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Ke Zen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- Corresponding author Ke Zen, Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Zhao C, Liu Y, Wang C, Jiang H, Hu Y, Wu J. Recent Advances of Tumor Therapy Based on the CD47-SIRPα Axis. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1273-1293. [PMID: 35436123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is still a major disease that is currently difficult for humans to overcome. When the expression of the cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) is upregulated, tumor cells interact with the macrophage inhibitory receptor signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) to transmit the "Don't eat me" signal, thereby avoiding phagocytosis by the macrophages. Therefore, when the CD47-SIRPα axis is inhibited, the macrophages' phagocytic function can be restored and can also exert antitumor effects. This Review mainly introduces recent advances in tumor therapy targeted on the CD47-SIRPα axis, including the antibody and fusion protein, small molecule, gene therapy, cell therapy, and drug delivery system, to inhibit the function of CD47 expressed on tumor cells and promote tumor phagocytosis by macrophages. In addition, this Review also summarizes the current approaches to avoid anemia, a common side effect of CD47-SIRPα inhibitions, and provides ideas for clinical transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chenxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haojie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yiqiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Qu T, Li B, Wang Y. Targeting CD47/SIRPα as a therapeutic strategy, where we are and where we are headed. Biomark Res 2022; 10:20. [PMID: 35418166 PMCID: PMC9009010 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using PD-1 and CTLA4 inhibitors to stimulate T cell immunity has achieved significant clinical success. However, only a portion of patients benefit from T cell-based immunotherapy. Macrophages, the most abundant type of innate immune cells in the body, play an important role in eliminating tumor cells and infectious microbes. The phagocytic check point protein CD47 inhibits the phagocytic activity of macrophages through binding to SIRPα expressed on macrophages. Blockade of the interaction between CD47 and SIRPα could restore phagocytic activity and eliminate tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. In this manuscript, we review the mechanism of action and development status of agents (antibodies targeting CD47 and SIRPα, SIRPα-Fc fusion proteins, and bi-specific antibodies) that block CD47/SIRPα interaction in preclinical studies and in the clinical setting. In addition, small molecules, mRNA, and CAR-T/M that target the CD47/SIRPα axis are also reviewed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tailong Qu
- College of life Science and Technology, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Antibody Discovery, Akeso Biopharma, No.6 of Shennong Road, Torch Development District, Zhongshan, 528437 People’s Republic of China
| | - Baiyong Li
- Department of Antibody Discovery, Akeso Biopharma, No.6 of Shennong Road, Torch Development District, Zhongshan, 528437 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifei Wang
- College of life Science and Technology, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu C, Ju D, Zhang X. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy: challenges and opportunities in lung cancer. Antib Ther 2022; 5:73-83. [PMID: 35372786 PMCID: PMC8972219 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the paradigm in hematological malignancies treatment, driving an ever-expanding number of basic research and clinical trials of genetically engineering T cells to treat solid tumors. CAR T-cell therapies based on the antibodies targeting Mesothelin, CEA, EGFR, EGFR, MUC1, DLL3, and emerging novel targets provide promising efficacy for lung cancer patients. However, clinical application of CAR T-cell therapy against lung cancer remains limited on account of physical and immune barriers, antigen escape and heterogeneity, on-target off-tumor toxicity, and many other reasons. Understanding the evolution of CAR structure and the generalizable requirements for manufacturing CAR T cells as well as the interplay between lung tumor immunology and CAR T cells will improve clinical translation of this therapeutic modality in lung cancer. In this review, we systematically summarize the latest advances in CAR T-cell therapy in lung cancer, focusing on the CAR structure, target antigens, challenges, and corresponding new strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caili Xu
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dizman N, Buchbinder EI. Cancer Therapy Targeting CD47/SIRPα. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246229. [PMID: 34944850 PMCID: PMC8699673 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The interaction between cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) on cancer cells and signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) on immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, generates a “don’t eat me” signal. This is a common mechanism that provides cancer cells an escape from the innate immune system. Several therapeutics directed to CD47 or SIRPα have entered early clinical trials in recent years. In this article, we review the role of CD47/SIRPα axis in cancer, and summarize the literature on the efficacy and safety of therapeutics targeting CD47 or SIRPα. We also discuss the future implementation of these therapeutics in the treatments of various cancer types. Abstract In the past decade, the field of cancer immunotherapy has rapidly advanced, establishing a crucial role for immune checkpoint blockers in the treatment of a variety of cancer types. In parallel with these remarkable clinical developments, further efforts have focused on ways of unleashing adaptive immune responses against cancer. CD47, a cell surface molecule overexpressed by several cancer types that facilitates immune escape from macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells, and its ligand SIRPα, have emerged as potential therapeutic targets. A number of agents directed to CD47/SIRPα have been developed and demonstrated preclinical activity. Early phase clinical trials are investigating CD47/SIRPα directed agents with available data, suggesting safety and preliminary activity. Herein, we provide an overview of the mechanistic rationale of targeting CD47/SIRPα axis and associated clinical evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Dizman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Elizabeth I. Buchbinder
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|