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Chen S, Shan Y, Liu C, Du C, Zhu J, Yang F, Shao Y, Bao Q, Wang Y, Ran Y, Yin W. Antimildew Effect of Three Phenolic Compounds and the Efficacy of Antimildew Sliced Bamboo Veneer. Molecules 2023; 28:4941. [PMID: 37446603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the bamboo industry has been hindered by environmental issues caused by the application of bamboo preservatives. Chinese herbal phenolic compounds have been shown to possess broad-spectrum, potent antimildew properties, making them promising candidates for the development of new bamboo mildew inhibitors. In this study, we investigated the antimildew properties of three phenolic compounds, eugenol, carvacrol, and paeonol, against common mildews in bamboo materials using the Oxford cup method and the double-dilution method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the antimildew mechanism and its effects on mildew cell morphology. Our results showed that carvacrol exhibited the strongest antimildew activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of 1.56 mg/mL and 1.76 mg/mL, respectively, followed by eugenol and paeonol. At a concentration of 25 mg/mL, eugenol and carvacrol had an inhibitory rate of over 50% against various mildews. Different concentrations of the three compounds significantly disrupted the morphology and structural integrity of mildew hyphae, with the extent of damage increasing with concentration and treatment duration. In the sliced bamboo mildew prevention experiment, carvacrol at a concentration of 29.25 mg/mL was found to be highly effective against all tested mildews. Our study provides new insights and a theoretical basis for the development of eco-friendly bamboo mildew inhibitors based on plant phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yingying Shan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chungui Du
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jiawei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Fei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yuran Shao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Qichao Bao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ying Ran
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wenxiu Yin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Shan Y, Chen S, Zhang J, Du C, Liu C, Yang F, Yin W, Shao Y, Wang Y. Preparation of Citral Compound and Its Bamboo Antimildew Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4691. [PMID: 36365683 PMCID: PMC9654108 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce the amount of citral used without reducing the antimildew performance of bamboo, the citral compound preparation process, the distribution of the compound in bamboo, and its antimildew performance were investigated using the Oxford cup method, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The results revealed that the combination of citral with cinnamaldehyde or thymol may lead to partial chemical reactions, which may change the chemical structure of citral and affect its bacteriostatic properties. The bacteriostatic properties of the citraldehyde thymol compound against common molds of bamboo were considerably superior to those of the citral cinnamaldehyde compound. The limonaldehyde thymol compound showed a low distribution trend outside and vice versa inside in the treated bamboo. The citral thymol compound exhibited good antimildew performance at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. The citral thymol compound could reduce the amount of citral by approximately 67 mg/mL without reducing the antimildew performance of bamboo.
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Antioxidant-Mediated Modification of Citral and Its Control Effect on Mildewy Bamboo. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214652. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the oxidative degradation of citral and improve its antimildew performance, citral was modified with natural antioxidants such as tea polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and theaflavin in the present study. Additionally, the effects of these natural antioxidants on the citral degradation rate and DPPH radical-scavenging rate, as well as the effectiveness of antioxidant-modified citral in the antimildew treatment of bamboo were investigated. Ascorbic acid, theaflavin, and tea polyphenols improved the antioxidant performance of citral to some extent, and the tea polyphenols exhibited the best antioxidant performance. When the amount of tea polyphenols added to citral reached 1.0%, the oxidative degradation of citral was effectively prevented. Compared with citral, tea-polyphenol-modified citral could reduce the efficacy of the bamboo antimildew treatment against all four mildews and the effectiveness of the antimildew treatment reached 100%. Citral modification with antioxidants reduced the amount of citral required in the treatment, thereby reducing the treatment cost for bamboo mildew.
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