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Yang J, Lu Y, Dong Y, Ding J, Li W, Shi Y, Xie X, Pan J, Qu H. Characterisation and critical processes identification for production of herbal preparations using 1H-NMR and chemometrics: A case study of Trichosanthis Pericarpium injection. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024. [PMID: 38693889 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herbal preparations are extensively utilised for the treatment of diseases in Asian countries. However, the variations in origin, climate, and production processes can lead to inconsistencies in the quality of herbal preparations. Existing quality control methods only target a few components in the finished product but ignore the control in the pharmaceutical process. Therefore, this study intends to develop a comprehensive component analysis method for intermediates in the pharmaceutical process to reveal the change patterns of substances and deepen the process understanding. OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop a rapid and comprehensive process characterisation and critical process identification method for herbal preparations. METHODS Six batches of Trichosanthis Pericarpium injection (TPI) intermediates were collected from the production process. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra were acquired for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the se intermediates. Subsequently, chemometrics were used to identify critical processes and potential chemical markers. RESULTS A total of 39 components in intermediates were identified, and the transfer of 25 components during the production process was investigated. Column chromatography was determined as the critical process. Nine components were identified as chemical markers. CONCLUSION The application of 1H-NMR facilitated a comprehensive reflection of the chemical composition information of process intermediates, enabling investigations into the transfer of multi-component substances and accurate identification of critical processes and chemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Yang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Dong
- SPH No.1 Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinguo Ding
- SPH No.1 Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhu Li
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingting Shi
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Xie
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianyang Pan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibin Qu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang M, Chen K, Wang P, Zhang L, Li Y. Comprehensive quality evaluation of processed Scrophulariae Radix from different regions of China using HPLC coupled with chemometrics methods. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2023; 34:816-829. [PMID: 36704818 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scrophulariae Radix (SR) has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for thousands of years. However, the processing methods and production areas of Scrophularia ningpoensis have undergone notable historic changes. Thus, their effects on the bioactive constituents of SR still need to be studied further. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to establish an objective and comprehensive method to identify the correlation of bioactive constituents of SR with variety, place of origin and processing method for evaluating their qualities. METHODOLOGY An accurate and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method for the simultaneous determination of 11 marker components (aucubin, harpagide, 6-O-methyl-catalpol, harpagoside, verbascoside, isoverbascoside, angoroside C, cinnamic acid, l-tyrosine, l-phenylalanine, and l-tryptophan) was established to evaluate the quality of SR for the first time. In addition, the effects of different production areas and processed methods on the target compounds were studied by analysing 66 batches of SR samples with chemometrics methods, including similarity evaluation of chromatographic fingerprints of TCM, principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). RESULTS Compared with "sweating", short-term "steaming" and "slice-drying" could largely preserve the bioactive constituents of SR. When using the model established through PLS-DA, five components were identified as the most significant variables for discrimination. Furthermore, the score plots of PCA and the similarity evaluation revealed that variety had a more notable influence on the quality of SR than the place of origin. CONCLUSION An objective approach of HPLC fingerprint coupled with chemometrics analysis and quantitative assessment could be applied to discriminate different processed SR and evaluate the qualities of SR rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Pan Wang
- Pan'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Industry Innovation and Development Institute, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Liuqiang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Dong Y, Toume K, Kimijima S, Zhang H, Zhu S, He Y, Cai S, Maruyama T, Komatsu K. Metabolite profiling of Drynariae Rhizoma using 1H NMR and HPLC coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. J Nat Med 2023; 77:839-857. [PMID: 37535166 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Drynariae Rhizoma has been used to treat bone diseases and kidney deficiency in traditional medicine. Recently its aqueous extract was reported to enhance memory function. Although the Japanese standards for non-Pharmacopoeial crude drugs 2022 prescribed Drynaria roosii as the botanical origin, some counterfeits and both raw and stir-fired crude drugs are available in markets. To distinguish Drynariae Rhizoma derived from D. roosii appropriately from others and verify the validity of uses of stir-fried ones, 1H NMR-based metabolite profiling coupled with HPLC were performed. Raw samples derived from D. roosii contained naringin (1), neoeriocitrin (2), 5,7-dihydroxychromone-7-O-neohesperidoside (3), caffeic acid 4-O-β-D-glucoside (4), protocatechuic acid (5), trans-p-coumaric acid 4-O-β-D-glucoside (6), and kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside 7-O-β-D-glucoside (8). Stir-fried samples were characterized by presence of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (13), and were divided into two types; one possessing similar composition to raw samples (Type I) and another without above components except 5 (Type II). Quantitative analyses using qHNMR and HPLC, followed by principal component analysis demonstrated that the raw samples had higher contents of 1 (0.93-9.86 mg/g), 2 (0.74-7.59 mg/g), 3 (0.05-2.48 mg/g), 4 (0.27-2.51 mg/g), 6 (0.14-1.26 mg/g), and 8 (0.04-0.52 mg/g), and Type II had a higher content of 5 (0.84-1.32 mg/g). The counterfeit samples derived from Araiostegia divaricata var. formosana were characterized by higher content of ( -)-epicatechin 3-O-β-D-allopyranoside (10) (1.44-11.49 mg/g) without 1 and 2. These results suggested that Drynariae Rhizoma samples derived from other botanical origins and Type II stir-fried samples cannot substitute for D. roosii rhizome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Dong
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Toume
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Shin Kimijima
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hanpei Zhang
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shu Zhu
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichibancho, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640-8156, Japan
| | - Yumin He
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqing Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Takuro Maruyama
- National Institute of Health Science, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Katsuko Komatsu
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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Zhang Q, Song W, Tao G, Li Q, Wang L, Huang W, Gao L, Yin L, Ye Y. Comparison of Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activities for the Immature Fruits of Citrus changshan-huyou Y.B. Chang and Citrus aurantium L. Molecules 2023; 28:5057. [PMID: 37446717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Quzhou Aurantii Fructus (QAF), the dried immature fruit of Citrus changshan-huyou Y.B. Chang, is similar to Aurantii Fructus (AF), the dried immature fruit of Citrus aurantium L. or its cultivars, in terms of composition, pharmacological action, and appearance. However, potential chemical markers to distinguish QAF from AF remain unknown owing to the lack of a comprehensive systematic chemical comparison aligned with discriminant analysis. To achieve a better understanding of the differences in their composition, this study aimed to identify the basic chemical compounds in QAF (n = 42) and AF (n = 8) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electron spray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were used to further analyze, screen, and verify potential chemical markers; the antioxidant capacity was assayed in vitro. A total of 108 compounds were found in QAF and AF, including 25 flavonoids, 8 limonoids, 2 coumarins, and 73 volatile components. The chemometric analysis indicated that the main components in QAF and AF were very similar. Trace differential components, including 9 flavonoids, 2 coumarins, 5 limonoids, and 26 volatile compounds, were screened as potential chemical markers to distinguish between QAF and AF. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of QAF was found to be greater than that of AF. This research provides insights into the quality control and clinical application of QAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wenying Song
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Guanqi Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Changshan Characteristic Industry Development Center, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Wenkang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lai Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yiping Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 311300, China
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1230-1240. [DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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